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Aims The literature review aimed to identify the barriers the Punjabi and/or Sikh community have in accessing support for alcohol addiction. Method A systematic review of the literature was undertaken of four scholarly databases, Google Scholar and grey literature on UK-based research conducted after 1980 into alcohol addiction in the Punjabi and/or Sikh community. Fourteen papers met the inclusion criteria outlined in the paper and were included in the review. Results Ten main barriers to accessing support were found; stigma, religion, lack of understanding of addiction, over reliance on a medical model of treatment and disregard of therapy, cultural implications of being a member of the Punjabi and/or Sikh community and the addiction community, gender and generational differences and a lack of government commitment to alcohol support for BME communities with a lack of culturally specific services. Conclusion Despite the many barriers explored, the role of stigma remained a powerful theme throughout often underpinning other barriers. A key recommendation across many papers was the need for culturally sensitive support services. Several areas for future research were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many factors affect how individuals and populations age, including race, ethnicity, and diversity, which can contribute to increased disease risk, less access to quality healthcare, and increased morbidity and mortality. Systemic racism—a set of institutional policies and practices within a society or organization that perpetuate racial inequalities and discrimination—contributes to health inequities of vulnerable populations, particularly older adults. The National Association for Geriatrics Education (NAGE) recognizes the need to address and eliminate racial disparities in healthcare access and outcomes for older adults who are marginalized due to the intersection of race and age. In this paper, we discuss an anti-racist framework that can be used to identify where an organization is on a continuum to becoming anti-racist and to address organizational change. Examples of NAGE member Geriatric Workforce Enhancement Programs (GWEPs) and Geriatrics Academic Career Awards (GACAs) activities to become anti-racist are provided to illustrate the framework and to guide other workforce development programs and healthcare institutions as they embark on the continuum to become anti-racist and improve the care and health of vulnerable older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is a challenge in modern healthcare, particularly given the increasing complexity of drug therapy, an ageing population, rising multimorbidity, and a high patient turnover. The core activity of detecting potential ADRs over the last half century has been spontaneous reporting systems. A recent Norwegian regulation commits healthcare professionals other than physicians and dentists to report serious ADRs. In this discussion paper, we share our preliminary experience with a training programme using nurses as ADR advocates to stimulate ADR reporting among the clinical staff in a hospital department. Central Illustration: Central Illustration Nurses as adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting advocates participating in pharmacovigilance (PV) at the Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. The department is a 'lighthouse' (inspiring other departments) in PV in the hospital, and cooperates with the drug committee and the regional PV centre. Commitment is achieved through the department manager and the medical director in the hospital. In addition, a new national regulation commits healthcare professionals other than physicians and dentists to report serious ADRs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his paper ‘On what there’s not’, Joseph Melia disavows commitment to the existence of objects like average mothers, possibilities, numbers, etc. Since quantification over such objects is at times unavoidable, Melia tries to argue that we can deny the existence of such objects despite the fact that our (true) theories of the world quantify over them. Melia calls this ‘weaseling’. In this paper, I argue that these assumptions of Melia’s render his position incoherent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite decades of concern about reducing health inequity, the Commission on the Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) painted a picture of persistent and, in some cases, increasing health inequity. It also made a call for increased evaluation of interventions that might reduce inequities. This paper describes such an intervention—the Social Inclusion Initiative (SII) of the South Australian Government—that was documented for the Social Exclusion Knowledge Network of the CSDH. This initiative is designed to increase social inclusion by addressing key determinants of health inequity—in the study period these were education, homelessness and drug use. Our paper examines evidence from a rapid appraisal to determine whether a social inclusion initiative is a useful aspect of government action to reduce health inequity. It describes achievements in each specific area and the ways they can be expected to affect health equity. Our study highlighted four factors central to the successes achieved by the SII. These were the independent authority and influence of the leadership of the SII, the whole of government approach supported by an overarching strategic plan which sets clear goals for government and the clear and unambiguous support from the highest level of government. We conclude that a social inclusion approach can be valuable in the quest to reduce inequities and that further research on innovative social policy approaches is required to examine their likely impact on health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practitioners, irrespective of the service users they work with, have educational, emotional and supervisory needs. In addition, they require appropriate physical space and a safe work environment. Social workers are most likely to develop effective relationships with families if these needs are met. Therefore, it is important that managers create an organisational culture that not only recognises, but also meets, practitioners' needs. In this paper, the various needs of social workers are considered in detail with a particular focus on those of child and family practitioners. Agency responses to meeting these various needs are also explored. An argument is made that the agency approach to work environment, staff development, supervision and managing the emotional demands of the job all influence practitioners' commitment and ability to engage with families and improve outcomes for children. Drawing on a framework of different types of practitioner engagement with carers, the negative effects on practitioners of working in a 'neglectful organisation' are considered. An argument is made that the neglected practitioner, working with a parent who is not meeting the needs of their child, leads to an unhealthy alliance and in effect a 'Toxic Duo' is created. The paper concludes by considering the work culture and climate that promote meaningful engagement and questions are raised as to how managers can create this culture when services are subject to year-on-year cuts, marketisation and increased service demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background This review aims to explore the healthcare needs and access to healthcare services among Syrian refugees in Jordan. Furthermore, it identifies possible ways of responding to such needs within the framework of the structural challenges faced in this particular context. Methods Through qualitative techniques, this study systematically reviewed nine articles identified in academic and international organizations' databases. Six articles are from scholarly sources, while three are published reports or commentary articles; thus, there are variations in methodological rigour. An analysis of the articles was performed based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme check tool to systematically assess the trustworthiness, relevance and results of the included papers. Results The overall access to healthcare is relatively good for most registered Syrian refugees. However, some groups lack access due to financial and structural barriers, such as not possessing the appropriate civil documentation and/or not having the means to pay out-of-pocket expenses to access adequate services. A key challenge relates to access of inpatient care. Accessing care for non-communicable/chronic diseases requires not only legal documentation but also long-term access and continuity of care in an already overburdened health care system. Conclusion The healthcare needs of the refugee, as well as the host population in Jordan, cannot be adequately met without the international society acknowledging a collective responsibility, including a financial commitment. One effort that could solve a major structural problem for those not able to access healthcare is increased flexibility in regards to documentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of individuals with post–coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) condition symptoms who underwent a supervised telerehabilitation and home-based respiratory muscle training (TSHB-RMT) program. Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Participants were recruited using purposeful sampling. The inclusion criteria consisted of: patients aged over 18 years who presented persistent COVID-19 symptoms of fatigue and dyspnea for at least 3 months after the COVID-19 diagnosis. In total, 28 patients were included. In-depth interviews and researcher field notes were used to collect the data. A thematic analysis was performed. Results Three themes reflect the patients' perspective on the TSHB-RMT before the program (reasons for participating), during the treatment program, and upon completion of the study. Among the reasons for participation, participants highlighted the absence of improvement and treatment, and feeling abandoned and forgotten by the health system. The treatment required discipline on behalf of the patients. Mondays and Tuesdays were the most difficult days for performing the therapy, and the physical therapist was perceived as a tool for adherence, change, and a source of validated information. The patients perceived positive effects quite soon; however, it was necessary to extend the follow-up after completing the program because they abandoned the program due to the lack of guidance for exercise supervision. Conclusion This study described relevant aspects that physical therapist professionals should consider when providing TSHB-RMT treatment. Impact TSHB-RMT requires discipline, perseverance, effort, and a commitment to the group. The physical therapist is perceived as the tool that facilitates adherence and participation. The effects are rapidly perceived, leading to improved self-confidence and autonomy; however, it is necessary to increase the follow-up time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for foster-carers has significantly increased in recent decades as growing numbers of children are in need of out-of-home care. However, despite their importance to the foster-care system, the foster-carer role is imbued with ambiguity. The perceptions and expectations of the foster-carer role differ greatly between child protection workers, the children in foster-care, the wider community and foster-carers themselves. This paper seeks to provide insight and understanding of provision of long-term foster- care from the perspective of the female carer. The findings presented in this paper are drawn from a larger doctoral study that examined women's experiences of providing long-term foster-care in Australia. Analysis revealed participants did not perceive themselves as foster-carers, but rather viewed themselves as mothers to the long-term foster children in their care. This understanding has the potential to: inform both policy and practice in relation to long-term foster-care; provide useful recruitment information; and possibly serve to augment relations between child protection workers and women who provide long-term foster-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an innovative systems methodology for evaluating child protection social work practice and improving organisational learning. It draws on learning in other high-risk areas where the importance of understanding performance in context has been recognised. Using a case study for illustration, the methodology is presented. This evaluative approach engages management, staff, service users and other stakeholders in assessing the factors that influence practice and outcomes. The data collection tools developed included surveys to reach staff, multi-agency professionals and service users, together with in-depth interviews to get a deep understanding of causal factors and their interactions. Data included organisational cultural factors that influence the effectiveness of decision making, improve patterns of interaction with families and other professionals, remove constraints on practice, help prioritisation and improve consistency of care. The paper discusses some of the practical implications of applying the instruments, such as avoiding bias and dealing with unresponsiveness. It also supports the gathering of feedback from vulnerable service users. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper characterizes the equilibrium for a large class of search models with two-sided heterogeneity and on-the-job search. Besides the well-known congestion externalities, we show that on-the-job search in combination with monopsonistic wage setting without commitment creates a “business-stealing" externality. In the absence of congestion effects, this leads to excessive vacancy creation. Under wage setting with commitment this externality is absent because when posting a wage, firms take into account the expected productivity of future workers in their current jobs. If firms are able to make and respond to counteroffers, then they will not have to pay no-quit premia and this also leads to excessive vacancy creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary egalitarian theories of justice constrain the demands of equality by responsibility, and do not view as unjust inequalities that are traceable to individuals' choices. This paper argues that, in order to make non-arbitrary determinate judgements of responsibility, any theory of justice needs a principle of stakes, that is, an account of what consequences choices should have. The paper also argues that the principles of stakes seemingly presupposed by egalitarians are implausible, and that adopting alternative principles of stakes amounts to fleshing out the demands of responsibility rather than imposing limits on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a formal test of intra-household commitment is derived and performed. To that end, two models of household intertemporal behaviour are developed. In both models, household members are characterized by individual preferences. In the first formulation, household decisions are always on the ex ante Pareto frontier. In the second model, the assumption of intra-household commitment required by ex ante efficiency is relaxed. It is shown that the full-efficiency household Euler equations are nested in the no-commitment Euler equations. Using this result, the hypothesis that household members can commit to future allocations of resources is tested using the Consumer Expenditure Survey. I strongly reject this hypothesis. It is also shown that the standard unitary framework is a special case of the full-efficiency model. However, if household members are not able to commit, household intertemporal behaviour cannot be characterized using the standard life-cycle model. These findings have two main implications. First, policy makers can change household behaviour by modifying the decision power of individual household members. Second, to evaluate programmes designed to improve the welfare of household members, it would be beneficial to replace the standard unitary model with a characterization of household behaviour that allows for lack of commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child protection social work is acknowledged as a very stressful occupation, with high turnover and poor retention of staff being a major concern. This paper highlights themes that emerged from findings of sixty-five articles that were included as part of a systematic literature review. The review focused on the evaluation of research findings, which considered individual and organisational factors associated with resilience or burnout in child protection social work staff. The results identified a range of individual and organisational themes for staff in child protection social work. Ninethemes were identified in total. These are categorised under 'Individual' and 'Organisational' themes. Themes categorised as individual included personal history of maltreatment, training and preparation for child welfare, coping, secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction. Those classified as organisational included workload, social support and supervision, organisational culture and climate, organisational and professional commitment, and job satisfaction or dissatisfaction. The range of factors is discussed with recommendations and areas for future research are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many literature reviews synthesize literature regarding workplace health promotion (WHP) interventions, systematic reviews on the effectiveness of and factors influencing the operation of WHP activities in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are scarce. Therefore, we systematically reviewed evaluation studies to examine the effectiveness and factors related to the implementation of WHP programmes in LMIC. Twenty-six peer-reviewed and grey evaluation studies, published before November 2017, were included from electronic databases (PubMed, The Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, EMBASE and Web of Science) and manual searching. The results revealed that WHP intervention in LMIC was effective in reducing health risks in a wide range of industries and settings, including in resource-poor contexts such as small enterprises and the manufacturing industry. The main factors positively influencing the effectiveness of the intervention are long intervention time period, and needs-based and active intervention strategies. In addition, commitment from workplace leaders, the involvement of workers and support from authorities and professionals are factors contributing to a successful WHP programme. However, the evidence regarding the effectiveness of WHP in LMIC regarding the health outcomes and business productivity is inconclusive due to the several remaining methodological limitations. Future developments of more rigorous methods of evaluating the effectiveness of WHP activities should be addressed to produce higher-quality evidence that would inform future practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social work is widely recognized as a human rights profession. The commitment to protect and advocate for social and economic rights has been incorporated into official definitions and codes of ethics of the profession globally, undergirding social work models and services. However, despite the overwhelming recognition of the importance of social work advocacy, a unified framework for research and practice has not been agreed upon, and new challenges to welfare states have somewhat contested the existing, primarily European advocacy framework built on the literature on take-up of social and economic rights. The purpose of this integrative context review is to introduce the administrative burden (AB) literature as a potential framework for meeting social work advocacy challenges by emphasizing a subjective viewpoint, a multifaceted understanding of the bureaucratic encounter, and the secondary effects of burden. The article concludes by identifying directions for future research and practice concerning the nexus between AB and social work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative literature is used to teach a variety of social work subjects; however, there are few studies that examine the impact on students. This article describes an assignment requiring the selection of a work of fiction or biography by undergraduate social work students enrolled in an interpersonal communication class at an Australian University. Books needed to contain a description of an individual whose life experiences were different from the student's. In an online learning group, students reflected on what they learned from the main character, on something they shared in common and whether they would look forward to serving the person if they met them in their professional social work roles. Themes from their responses are presented in this paper and critical reflections on the assignment are offered. The list of books chosen by the students is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Libertarians oppose coercion and champion a free-market society. Are these two commitments, as libertarians claim, wholly consistent with one another, or is there, by contrast, a tension between them? This paper defends the latter view. Replying to an article by Gordon Barnes, the paper casts doubts on the success of an argument aimed at establishing that, while coercion is justice-disrupting, all non-coercive but forced transactions that occur in a free market are justice-preserving. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Undernutrition is the single largest contributor to the global burden of disease and can be addressed through a number of highly efficacious interventions. Undernutrition generally has not received commensurate attention in policy agendas at global and national levels, however, and implementing these efficacious interventions at a national scale has proven difficult. This paper reports on the findings from studies in Bangladesh, Bolivia, Guatemala, Peru and Vietnam which sought to identify the challenges in the policy process and ways to overcome them, notably with respect to commitment, agenda setting, policy formulation and implementation. Data were collected through participant observation, documents and interviews. Data collection, analysis and synthesis were guided by published conceptual frameworks for understanding malnutrition, commitment, agenda setting and implementation capacities. The experiences in these countries provide several insights for future efforts: (a) high-level political attention to nutrition can be generated in a number of ways, but the generation of political commitment and system commitment requires sustained efforts from policy entrepreneurs and champions; (b) mid-level actors from ministries and external partners had great difficulty translating political windows of opportunity for nutrition into concrete operational plans, due to capacity constraints, differing professional views of undernutrition and disagreements over interventions, ownership, roles and responsibilities; and (c) the pace and quality of implementation was severely constrained in most cases by weaknesses in human and organizational capacities from national to frontline levels. These findings deepen our understanding of the factors that can influence commitment, agenda setting, policy formulation and implementation. They also confirm and extend upon the growing recognition that the heavy investment to identify efficacious nutrition interventions is unlikely to reduce the burden of undernutrition unless or until these systemic capacity constraints are addressed, with an emphasis initially on strategic and management capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actual-sequence views of responsibility are views according to which moral responsibility is a function of actual sequences, histories, or ancestries. In recent years these views have acquired much popularity as an attractive kind of compatibilist answer to the problem of determinism and the freedom of the will. But what does it mean to say that responsibility is ‘a function of the actual sequence’? In this paper I examine different possible ways to cash out this idea. I show that one of them is immune to important objections to which the others are prey. This motivates a type of actual-sequence view that is unorthodox in two main respects. First, it understands the expression ‘the actual sequence’ in a way that is different from the way in which it seems typically to have been understood. Second, on this view, non-actualized possibilities of a certain kind are always relevant to the moral responsibility of agents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An ongoing qualitative study of social service managers in southern Ontario explores the challenges of critical management in restructured social programmes. Recruited because of their extensive practice backgrounds and commitments to progressive public services, study participants illuminate the tensions in their contradictory positioning: at odds with managerialist practices they are charged to implement, while also in positions of some influence and resistant potential. Their resistance consists of an inter-play of oppositional behaviour and, the focus of this paper, complex identity work. In order to advance or shelter their critical aspirations, participating managers engage strategically in multiple performances of self—performances acutely attuned to the demands for flexibility and individualistic accomplishment that dominate the neo-liberal work order and contemporary management discourses. Participants are intensely aware of the dangers of losing themselves and their oppositional capacity amid these multiple and conflicting performances. They gauge the risks with vigilant self-examination. Analysis of their isolated struggles with divided identities sheds light on the challenges of resisting the de-politicisation of practice at senior levels inside the dispersed state, and contributes to unfolding debates about the practices and ambiguities of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In Liberia, one of the poorest nations in sub-Saharan Africa, the burden of diabetes is a growing concern. The high mortality and morbidity associated with diabetes have significant implications for individuals, families and society at large. The aim of this critical hermeneutic study was to explore what it is like to live with diabetes in Liberia. We recruited 10 participants from Monrovia, Liberia to partake in this study. Photovoice, a well-established participatory data collection approach was used to gather images and stories that represented participants' everyday experiences of living with diabetes. Three major themes were uncovered, highlighting the strengths, challenges and solutions related to living with diabetes in Liberia: strengths—engagement in diabetes self-management practices , focused on participants' commitment to engage in diabetes self-management practices despite the socioeconomic challenges they experienced; challenges—lack of social and economic support , focused on limited access to food, diabetes medications and supplies and diabetes education; and solutions—centre for diabetes education, care and support , focused on participants' recommendations for a community-based diabetes centre, a single point of access for meeting the needs of people with diabetes. A strong commitment to prioritize diabetes on Liberia's national health agenda and increased resources for diabetes care is needed to address the challenges experienced by people living with this chronic disease in Liberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical human subjects research requires participants to be treated safely and respectfully, yet much bioethical debate takes place without participants. We aim to address this gap in the context of controlled human infection model (CHIM) research. Based upon our own experience as study participants, and bolstered by a survey of 117 potential hepatitis C virus CHIM participants, we present ideas to inform efficient, ethical, and scientifically useful study design. We advocate for full protocol transparency, higher compensation, commitment to the rapid dissemination of study results, and proactive efforts to detail risk-minimization efforts as early as possible in the recruitment process, among other measures. We encourage researchers to proactively partner with volunteer advocacy organizations that promote collective representation of volunteers to maximize their agency, and guard against ethical issues arising from healthy human subjects research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption data generally indicates that consumption risk is not perfectly diversified across individuals. This paper considers if and when imperfect diversification is a feature of efficient allocations in a symmetric information environment without commitment. It shows that if individuals are sufficiently patient, imperfect diversification is always sub-optimal in the long run, however, if individuals are not so patient, imperfect diversification is always optimal The paper goes on to demonstrate that the way that history matters in an efficient allocation in a symmetric- information/no-commitment environment can be used to distinguish lack of commitment from other possible rationalizations of imperfect risk sharing, such as efficiency in the presence of asymmetric information [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a persuasive communication causes a change in belief, will behavior relevant to the belief also change? Past experiments have shown both successes and failures in obtaining such behavior change. The present study offers a reconciliation of these differences in findings by showing that the pattern of belief change with no behavior change occurred only in subjects who, before a communication, committed themselves to a position opposing it. Without this commitment, subjects showed no immunity against the effects of the communication on behavior. Some theoretical implications of this finding are discussed. A condensed version of this paper was read at the American Psychological Association meetings in Los Angeles in 1964. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some aspects of Israeli society which have been conducive to the development of strained ethnic relations and manifestations of prejudice. Despite certain cohesive features such as a common religious and ethnic background and a high level of ideological commitment and collective solidarity, there has been increasing evidence of a reduction in this solidarity. Emerging divisive elements in the social structure are described and are partially attributed to the heightened solidarity and visibility of specific ethnic groups of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child protection social workers (CPSWs) perform statutory duties and often work in hostile work contexts. Nevertheless, some CPSWs are reportedly resilient, thus adjusting well despite exposure to occupational adversities. We followed a qualitative descriptive design in which twenty CPSWs from the Western Cape and the Free State provinces described their sources of occupational resilience during semi-structured interviews. Their self-reported sources of resilience were informed by (1) a high degree of personal agency; (2) navigating a responsive and supportive ecology; (3) commitment to a meaningful purpose; (4) prioritising self-care and (5) religious practices. These sources of resilience confirm what we already know, but our findings go beyond earlier reports and contribute towards a more nuanced understanding of how hardiness and grit fundamentally drive the occupational resilience of CPSWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to test the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) combined with an organizational health intervention. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in five Dutch secondary vocational schools. Teachers were assigned to Intervention Group 1 (IG1; MBSR) or 2 (IG2; MBSR and an organizational health intervention), or to the Waiting List Group. The primary outcome variable was mindfulness. Secondary outcomes included other mental health outcomes, work performance, personal competencies, and work-related perceptions. Data was collected before (T0), immediately after (T1), and three (T2) and nine months (T3) after the MBSR training and analyzed applying repeated measures between-subjects designs. As the additional intervention showed no effects, IG1 and IG2 were merged (IG). MBSR had positive short-term effects on the total mindfulness score, its dimensions 'observing' and 'non-reactivity', and the work engagement dimension 'dedication'. Long-term effects were found for the total mindfulness score, its dimensions 'observing', 'non-reactivity', and 'non-judging', sleep quality complaints, negative emotions, and negative work–home interaction. IG displayed a larger short- and long-term decrease in organizational commitment. No significant differences were found for work performance, personal competencies, and work-related perceptions. Although teachers did not perceive a decrease in job demands after the training, they felt more mindful and lowered their organizational commitment. Their mental health improved and their dedication during work increased. These findings may suggest that enhanced mindfulness enabled them to mentally disengage from work during their leisure time, which allowed them to experience fewer symptoms of psychological strain. The trail is registered with the Dutch Trial Register (www.trialregister.nl): NL5581 (July 2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Public Health England developed and led a new UK-wide pledge campaign aiming to improve behaviours around the prudent use and prescription of antibiotics. This paper presents a process evaluation for the first season of the campaign to determine the impact of the campaign and inform future campaigns. Methods Data were collected from AntibioticGuardian.com and Google analytics between August 2014 and January 2015. The primary outcome was the decision to pledge and was assessed according to target audience, location, source and route of referral to the website. Results There were 47 158 unique visits to the website and 12 509 visitors made a pledge (26.5%) to become Antibiotic Guardians (AGs); 69% were healthcare professionals. Social media directed the most traffic to the website (24% of the public that signed up cited social media as how they discovered the campaign), other acquisition routes such as self-directed, email or website referral, were more effective at encouraging visitors to pledge. Conclusions The campaign completed its goal of 10 000 AGs in the first year. Further work is required to improve engagement with target audiences and determine whether this campaign has an impact on antibiotic consumption and prescribing behaviour among the public and healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a personal story about my grandmother and how she experienced care in her old age. By sharing my grandmother's life story about caring and reflecting on it, I inductively develop a thesis on caring and argue that caring is an asymmetrical phenomenon, and we can do better. The discussion includes the role of caring in social work practice and how to inculcate a focus on caring among workers so that they may contribute to creating caring communities. First, it exposes the complex phenomenon of dispossession at both personal and political levels and its implications for caring for elderly people. Secondly, it suggests the need for basic technology transfer. Thirdly, it points out the significance of emotional and material care and commitment to caring and challenges to sustaining it, and the need for innovations to enhance human caring. Fourthly, it emphasises the best interests of elderly people when choosing the place and space for caring arrangements. Finally, to creating caring communities, it suggests implications for integrating reason and emotion, and altering the professional values-base and policies. Social workers and similar professionals can contribute to caring communities to meet the challenging needs of growing ageing populations in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public reason liberalism holds that laws and policies must be justifiable to all reasonable citizens. Recently, David Enoch has offered an impressive and influential argument against the epistemological commitments of public reason liberalism on the grounds that they are 'highly controversial'. After setting out this argument (Sections I and II), I show how its central claim is ambiguous between two senses of 'controversial'. This gives rise to a dilemma: either Enoch's claim is that the relevant epistemological commitments are controversial in the sense of being subject to controversy amongst actual people, in which case this is true but not troubling for public reason theorists; or the claim is that the relevant commitments are controversial in the sense of being subject to controversy amongst reasonable people, in which case this simply begs the question against public reason theorists (Section III). I then defend each horn of the dilemma against objections (Sections IV and V). I conclude by generalizing this dilemma, showing how it defuses not just Enoch's argument but also a number of other arguments frequently made in the literature on public reason liberalism (Section VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep has an essential role in the health, wellbeing, and ability to learn of undergraduate college and university students (UCUS). Due to high credit loads, the music curriculum, and music therapy competencies, music therapy students may experience difficulties obtaining adequate sleep. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand factors that enable or inhibit sleep in undergraduate music therapy students. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 junior and senior level music therapy UCUS at public institutions in the United States. We used an inductive approach to thematic analysis to analyze data and incorporated member checking and trustworthiness to clarify and verify the results. We identified three themes (supported by seven subthemes) as factors that impacted the sleep of undergraduate music therapy students: (a) academic schedule and expected time commitment; (b) intrinsic motivation to become better student music therapists; and (c) wellness-based education and personal factors. The results of this study provide insight into the various factors that might adversely affect sleep in undergraduate music therapy students and have consequences on their health, wellbeing, and learning. Implications for students and educators, limitations of the study, and suggestions for future research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Survivors of breast cancer with persistent cancer-related fatigue (CRF) report less exercise participation compared with survivors of breast cancer without CRF. Although CRF predicts other domains of self-efficacy among survivors, the effect of CRF on exercise self-efficacy (ESE)—an important predictor of exercise participation—has not been quantified. This study examined the relationship between CRF, ESE, and exercise participation and explored the lived experience of engaging in exercise among survivors of breast cancer with persistent CRF. Methods Fifty-eight survivors of breast cancer (3.7 [SD = 2.4] years after primary treatment) self-reported CRF, ESE, and exercise participation (hours of moderate-intensity exercise per week). Regression and mediation analyses were conducted. Survivors who reported clinically significant CRF and weekly exercise were purposively sampled for 1-on-1 interviews (N = 11). Thematic analysis was performed across participants and within higher versus lower ESE subsets. Results Greater CRF predicted lower ESE (β  = −0.32) and less exercise participation (β  = −0.08). ESE mediated the relationship between CRF and exercise participation (β  = −0.05, 95% CI = −0.09 to −0.02). Qualitative data showed that survivors of breast cancer with higher ESE perceived exercise as a strategy to manage fatigue, described self-motivation and commitment to exercise, and had multiple sources of support. In contrast, survivors with lower ESE described less initiative to manage fatigue through exercise, greater difficulty staying committed to exercise, and less support. Conclusions Survivors of breast cancer with persistent CRF may experience decreased ESE, which negatively influences exercise participation. Clinicians should screen for or discuss confidence as it relates to exercise and consider tailoring standardized exercise recommendations for this population to optimize ESE. This may facilitate more sustainable exercise participation and improve outcomes. Impact This study highlights the behavioral underpinnings of CRF as a barrier to exercise. Individualized exercise tailored to optimize ESE may facilitate sustainable exercise participation among survivors of breast cancer with CRF. Strategies for clinicians to address ESE are described and future research is suggested. Lay Summary Women with fatigue after breast cancer treatment may have lower confidence about their ability to engage in exercise. Individually tailoring exercise to build confidence as it relates to exercise may result in more consistent exercise and better health-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban policymakers, city officials, and community residents utilize neighborhood revitalization initiatives to establish safe and empowered neighborhoods. In 2016, leaders in Columbus, Ohio, launched a neighborhood revitalization effort designed to improve safety, access to opportunities, and economic development in the historically underserved Linden neighborhood. A priority focus involved strengthening Linden schools through the development of two university-assisted community schools (UACS). Using the community collaboration model as a guide, leaders from the schools, university, nonprofit, and local government sectors partnered to support school improvement processes in two Linden K–6 elementary schools. Annual stakeholder surveys have demonstrated marked improvements in perceptions of neighborhood safety, school climate, and the overall learning support system. The prevalence of behavioral incidences among students has decreased. Further, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the UACS model helped sustain student engagement and virtual learning and keep families connected to the schools. This article describes implementation outputs and evaluation outcomes associated with adopting the UACS model in these two Linden elementary schools. Findings contribute to a greater understanding of how UACS can serve as partners in neighborhood revitalization efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a renewed focus on promoting the inclusion of patients from racial and ethnic minority groups in oncology clinical trials. FDA Oncology has long pointed to the underrepresentation of racial minorities in registration trials leading to approval. US FDA's Guidance on diversity discusses how diversity could be handled within clinical trials, giving recommendations on broadening eligibility criteria, inclusive trial practices, and alternative trial designs. While there is no specific guidance from the FDA on cancer clinical trials, the recommendation is to include a representative population applicable to the US population. With the recent renewed focus on diversity in oncology clinical trials, FDA Oncology has recently asked for the completion of a Diversity Plan during drug development and has issued post–marketing commitments and requirements at the time of approval. As FDA has started to issue post–marketing requirements or commitments regarding diversity in 2020, we sought to analyze the post–marketing studies asking for a study of racial and ethnic minorities issued by the FDA's Office of Oncologic Diseases (OOD). The analysis demonstrated the need to increase the enrollment of a diverse patient population in cancer clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal commitments are a ubiquitous but undertheorized phenomenon in the everyday wheels of world politics. While resonating with multiple threads in international relations theory, the role of individuals' commitments in statecraft, diplomacy, and foreign policy has hardly been addressed in and of itself. Drawing on insights from symbolic interactionism and organizational psychology, this article conceptualizes the notion of commitment highlighting its omnipresence in foreign policy and diplomatic practice. Specifically, the article demonstrates the analytical cache of the notion of commitment by focusing on moments when state-agents deviated from their commitment to the national interest, acting on behalf of other foci of commitment. Relying on Israeli, French, and EU diplomatic archives, we examine three illustrative case studies that show how and why state-agents dedicate time, energy, and resources to advance interests other than those of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two general views that social ontologists currently defend concerning the nature of joint intentional action. According to 'non-normativists', for a joint action to be established, we need to align certain psychological states in certain ways. 'Normativists' argue that joint action essentially involves normative relations that cannot be reduced to the intentional states of individuals. In two ground-breaking publications, Javier Gomez-Lavin and Matthew Rachar empirically investigate the relation between normativity and joint action in several survey studies. They argue that people's intuitions support neither current normativists nor current non-normativists. They suggest that there is a need for a 'new normativism of joint action'. I first explore what a new normativism could amount to and conclude that the authors' findings cannot support a demand for such a view. Finally, I suggest some ideas about how to move the field forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer-led interventions are highlighted as promising strategies to promote health among adolescents, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying this approach. To better understand the role of peer mentors (PMs) as implementers in school-based health promotion, we combined participant observations, focus group interviews and video recordings to explore high school students' reception of a peer-led intervention component (Young & Active). Young & Active aimed to increase well-being among first-year high school students (∼16 years of age) through the promotion of movement and sense of community and was implemented during the school year 2016–2017 in a larger school-based intervention study, the Healthy High School study in Denmark. The Healthy High School study was designed as a cluster-randomized controlled trial with 15 intervention schools and 15 control schools. At each intervention school, university students in Sports Science and Health (members of the research group) facilitated an innovation workshop aiming at inspiring all first-year students to initiate movement activities at schools. The findings illustrate potentials and challenges implied in the PM role. The peer mentors' profound commitment, as well as their response and sensibility to situational contingencies, were found to be significant for the students' reception and experience of the intervention. In conclusion, the specific job of PMs as implementers seems to consist of simultaneously following a manual and situationally adjusting in an emerging context balancing commitment and identification to the target group and the intervention project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central American youth constitute one of the largest groups of newcomers in U.S. public schools, particularly in urban areas. Many have experienced traumatic events and interrupted or limited formal education. These factors, coupled with cultural and language differences, may lead these youth to struggle in public schools, unless specifically tailored programming is provided. The loss of family, and what is familiar to them, may lead them to feel alone. This article presents a model that meets the unique academic and mental health needs of Central American immigrant youth by harnessing the power of community in a school setting. The study findings indicate that a model premised on relational safety, cultural acceptance, and educational support enhances students' motivation and commitment to their academic and professional goals. Further, creating an environment that prioritizes a sense of belonging can foster a sense of well-being. School social workers are critical to the implementation of such a model, which requires a nuanced understanding of cultural context, sociopolitical factors that surround public policy, lived experience, impact of trauma, and the recognition of the innate strength of these youth. The article presents a way for navigating the challenges, while maximizing the power of community and belonging in these children's lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a framework for understanding agnosticism. The framework accounts for the varieties of agnosticism while vindicating the unity of the phenomenon. This combination of unity and plurality is achieved by taking the varieties of agnosticism to be represented by several agnostic stances, all of which share a common core provided by what we call the minimal agnostic attitude. We illustrate the fruitfulness of the framework by showing how it can be applied to several philosophical debates. In particular, several philosophical positions can be aptly conceived of as instances of agnosticism whilst retaining their differences and distinguishing features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse a model in which firms cannot pay discriminate based on year of entry to the firm, and argue that the wage dynamics are consistent with the empirical results of Beaudry and DiNardo (1991). Their results have been interpreted as supporting a model in which workers are ex post mobile. Since in our model worker mobility/commitment does not affect the optimal contract, it is argued that existing empirical research does not discriminate between different models of worker commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the contribution of social–demographic characteristics, employee attitudes and environmental factors in explaining levels of organisational commitment amongst public sector social workers in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected in the summer of 2016 from employees at twelve local directorates of the Ministry of Social Development (N  =   237) in the West Bank. Palestinian social workers reported extremely high levels of overall organisational commitment. Results of multiple regressions revealed predictors of this outcome, including job stress, job satisfaction and service orientation. As hypothesised, job satisfaction and service orientation were positively related to the dependent variable. Surprisingly, higher levels of job stress were related to higher levels of organisational commitment. Implications for organisational policies and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supported housing for people with mental and intellectual disabilities (IDs) is an important setting for health and may contribute positively and negatively to residents' health. The aim of this study was to explore health promotion practices and services in supported housing in Denmark using a mixed-methods design comprising qualitative group interviews with managers and employees (n  = 12) and a nationwide survey among managers (n  = 276) and employees from supported housing facilities (n  = 315). This study showed that employees tried to integrate health promotion in the daily work with residents, but efforts primarily focused on individual behavior and motivation. Findings points to several challenges and barriers, including ambivalent attitudes towards smoking and beliefs that health promotion undermines self-determination and empowerment. To build supportive environments for people with mental and IDs, we need to focus on the attitudes, values and competences of managers and employees to tackle misconceptions about smoking, raise awareness about the wider determinants and promote structural changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses , Merrill's poetry as a response to the problem of reconciling his public face with his sexual identity and poetic vocation, and to his enduring commitment to closed forms in an era dominated by open forms. To show how this problem first arises in Merrill's work, I need to begin with his early novel, The Seraglio, which was begun in Italy, heavily revised afterward.

This paper considers a multiperiod model of a regulated firm that has (stationary) private reformation which may be revealed through performance. If it cannot make commitments to future policies, the regulator has an incentive to exploit any information the firm reveals, and Laffont and Tirole show that there is no regulatory policy that is separating over any closed interval. A "fairness" arrangement is proposed in which the firm agrees not to quit if in future periods the regulator allows it to earn a nonnegative profit given the type it revealed in earlier periods, The properties of such arrangements are studied, and an example is presented in which both the firm and the regulator prefer a fairness arrangement to a policy feasible without commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author comments on the misunderstanding related with the concept of commitment. Perhaps because of its popularity in everyday discourse, the complex nature of commitment is rarely appreciated by those social scientists who use this concept in their work. Concealed in this idea are two distinct, albeit related, dimensions. These two dimensions may be called value commitment and forced or continuance commitment. A recent empirical investigation by George Ritzer and Harrison M. Trice (1969) exemplifies this confounding of the two major dimensions of commitment. The research carried out by Ritzer and Trice demonstrates that Ritzer and Trice are dealing with value commitment. This kind of commitment can be defined as a frame of mind that arises from the presence, in exceptional number, of subjectively defined rewards associated with a particular position or social identity in which the person finds himself or hopes to find himself. A theory of continuance commitment is a theory of forced behavior, whereas a theory of value commitment is not concerned with forcing.

A series of laboratory and field experiments reveals a detrimental effect of presenting options sequentially (one at a time) versus simultaneously (all at once) on choosers' satisfaction with and commitment to their chosen option. This is because choosers presented with their options simultaneously tend to remain focused on the current set of options, comparing them among each other; whereas choosers presented with their options sequentially tend to imagine a better option, hoping it will become available. This feeling of hope undermines how choosers subsequently experience their selected option, resulting in lower satisfaction and commitment levels. Sequential choosers consequently exhibit lower outcome satisfaction regardless of which option they choose, whether sequentially passed-up options remain available, and whether they have equivalent option information to simultaneous choosers. Thus, enjoying the most satisfaction from one's choice might require being willing to give up the eternal quest for the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of physical activity is low in the Sultanate of Oman. The built environment is a key barrier to physical activity in the region. Our aim is to examine urban planners' perceptions of the relevance and feasibility of the proposed urban planning and design interventions in the draft WHO technical package on physical activity. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 professionals using a pre-tested interview guide. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Content analysis based on the socio-ecological framework (policy, physical, socio-cultural and information environment) was used to identify the perceived urban design challenges and solutions. Urban sprawl due to haphazard urban and transport design, limited accessibility to parks and sports facilities, negative perceptions about active travel and limited understanding of physical activity were key challenges identified by interviewees. Participants suggested strengthening governance through policy and intersectoral collaboration, improving community design and accessibility to parks, considering the needs of diverse populations and improving knowledge and attitudes of physical activity as priority when adapting the WHO technical package to Oman. Mid-level managers prioritized three interventions from the package: the need for political commitment and capacity building on how the built environment can promote physical activity, a national political on physical activity that promotes a safe infrastructure for active transport, and accessibility to sports and recreational facilities. Negative perceptions of active travel and cultural expectations that constrain mobility requires a society-wide paradigm shift, the first objective of the WHO global action plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social work scholars have argued that poverty reminds us of the necessary commitment to educate professional social workers. Being inspired by a conceptual framework that captures how poverty-awareness can be the subject of teaching in social work programmes, this article offers a qualitative analysis of the reflections being made by a cohort of students about their learning process in a post-academic course. Five common themes are discussed: (i) from recognising micro-aggressions to tackling macro-aggressions; (ii) poverty is an instance of social injustice and requires collective indignation; (iii) notions of commitment and solidarity are ambiguous; (iv) poverty is an instance of social inequality rather than merely social exclusion; and (v) from being heroic agents to social change 'from within'. Based on these findings, we raise the lessons learned for social work educators. First, they should invite students to reinvigorate the social justice aspirations of social work practices and take a stance in relation to their environment and the wider historical and socio-political circumstances. Secondly, a poverty-aware pedagogy requires collective and long-lasting supervision at the frontline individual, organisational and societal/social policy level. Collective critical reflection and supervision might open up avenues to collectively challenge and change socially unjust rhetoric and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership experiences provide opportunities for personal growth and increased self-efficacy. A single lens for reflection about service to AMTA via the Board of Directors is presented, recognizing myriad experiences with volunteer leadership. The 2019 Code of Ethics empowers individual responsibility, serves as a guide for ethical decision-making, and provides hindsight for personal reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]