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The authors comment on a study that showed the efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 vaccine against all HPV-associated genital diseases in young women, such as vulvar and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ and genital warts. The study participants were treated with procedures known to be effective in cervical cancer prevention, which greatly reduced their chances of getting cervical cancer. The authors warn that most randomized controlled trials will not be able to show whether HPV vaccines prevent cervical cancer.