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A significant amount of researcher and practitioner effort has focused on developing new chemical controls for the parasitic Varroa destructor mite in beekeeping. One outcome of that has been the development and testing of "glycerol–oxalic acid" mixtures to place in colonies for extended periods of time, an off-label use of the otherwise legal miticide oxalic acid. The majority of circulated work on this approach was led by practitioners and published in nonacademic journals, highlighting a lack of effective partnership between practitioners and scientists and a possible failure of the extension mandate in beekeeping in the United States. Here, we summarize the practitioner-led studies we could locate and partner with a commercial beekeeper in the Southeast of the United States to test the "shop towel–oxalic acid–glycerol" delivery system developed by those practitioners. Our study, using 129 commercial colonies between honey flows in 2017 split into 4 treatment groups, showed no effectiveness in reducing Varroa parasitism in colonies exposed to oxalic acid–glycerol shop towels. We highlight the discrepancy between our results and those circulated by practitioners, at least for the Southeast, and the failure of extension to support practitioners engaged in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on the subject of cigarette smoking among U.S. laborers in factories, corporate spying on workers, and the social culture of shopfloors in the U.S. during the 20th century. It examines the records of Erie, Pennsylvania, paper manufacturer Hammermill Paper Company concerning employee cigarette consumption, how employees attempted to evade corporate surveillance of their smoking, and labor relations in the U.S.

Loblolly pine is a major fibre source for the pulp and paper industry. Here we developed the first nonlinear models to predict the within-tree and regional variation of tracheid length and width for planted loblolly pine. Data were obtained from macerated tracheids and near-infrared spectroscopy calibration models from trees sampled in 109 stands across the southeastern United States. The fixed effects for the final tracheid length model, which included cambial age, height of disk within tree, and physiographic region, explained 71 percent of the variation with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.28 mm, while the fixed effects for the final tracheid width model explained 57 percent of the variation with RMSE of 1.4 μm. There was significant variation in tracheid properties across the growing regions. Tree maps showing within-tree variability in tracheid properties were produced. Five simulated scenarios were compared using the models developed, with mean tracheid dimensions calculated on a whole-tree basis at a first and second thinnings, and at final harvest. Also from the final harvest, the tops of trees, and outerwood chips produced during lumber manufacturing were also simulated. For the whole tree scenarios, both mean tracheid length and width increased with age, increasing from 2.24 mm and 40.5 μm (age 12), to 2.51 mm and 41.3 μm (age 18), and to 2.73 and 41.8 μm at age 25, respectively. The tops of the trees at age 25 had a mean tracheid length of 2.46 mm and a mean width of 41.0 μm, while the chips had a mean tracheid length of 3.13 mm and a mean width of 42.5 μm. Due to the models representing samples collected from across the southeastern United States, and their relatively high precision, they are suitable for incorporation into growth and yield systems allowing for prediction of tracheid properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The goal of this scoping review was to determine the types and rates of pain and dysfunction outcomes reported after gender-affirming surgical procedures. In addition, a summary of the involvement of conservative care reported in the literature was produced. Methods A research librarian conducted searches through multiple databases from inception to 2021. Abstracts and full texts were reviewed by a team of at least 2 reviewers. Data were extracted from a custom survey and exported for summary. Results Thirty-one papers discussed masculinizing interventions, and 87 papers discussed feminizing procedures. Most of the studies emphasized surgical outcomes. Of the studies reporting pain or dysfunction, few standardized outcomes were used to collect information from patients. The pain was experienced across body regions after surgery for both feminizing and masculinizing procedures. Vaginal stenosis and incontinence were the most common complications reported. Patients were most often managed by physical therapists for vaginal stenosis or dyspareunia. Conclusion Many published studies do not systematically collect specific or standardized information about pain and dysfunction after gender-affirming surgery. Of those studies that do report these outcomes, few detail the involvement of physical therapists in the recovery after surgery. Impact Pain and urogenital dysfunction, often managed by physical therapists, occur after gender-affirming surgery, suggesting that physical therapists could have a larger role in the recovery of this patient population after surgery. The extent to which interventions used to manage these conditions in cisgender people will be equally effective in transgender people is unknown at this time. Future studies should use recognized measures to characterize patients' experiences with pain and dysfunction after surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the relations between the federal government of the U.S. and the newsprint paper manufacturers during the years 1918 and 1919. The U.S. Federal Commission started investigations for the causes of rising prices of newsprint paper in 1916 which brought seven of the known manufacturers under the criminal provisions of the Sherman Law. After the hearing, the commission announce the award by fixing the maximum base price of $3.10 per hundred pounds or $62.00 per ton for standard roll news. But manufacturers were not content and they petitioned the Circuit Judges to review the award and an application was also filed with the Commission for a readjustment.

Focuses on the prevalence of tax discrimination in pulp and paper industry in the U.S. as of August 1907. Tax methods employed by various states for paper and pulp industry; Difficulties inherent in tracing connection between the amount of tax exaction in each state and the prevalent method of taxation; Discrepancy observed in taxation policy in Pennsylvania.

This article talks about international trade in the period between 1862-1879, or the greenback period. F.W. Taussig, a professor, concluded in 1917 that with the U.S., which was using inconvertible paper money as monetary standard, borrowing heavily and continuously from Great Britain, which was using gold as basis, there will be increased sterling supply in New York and lowered cost, in U.S. paper, of imported commodities. The author noted that when both countries are on a gold basis, there will be an influx of gold from Great Britain in the U.S. and general prices will rise, while they fall in Great Britain. He concluded that the large borrowing operations of the U.S. in the 1860s was an important factor in the disturbance of the normal course of trade.

The article focuses on the legal tender notes of the United States. The legal tender notes of the United States present now, as they always have presented, an appearance of great simplicity. There are still but two such issues, the United States notes of the Civil War and the coin notes of 1890: their legal tender power has few exceptions, and the obligation for their redemption is to be read in a few lines. Take away the confusing element introduced by the silver agitation, which is quite extraneous to the original conception of the legal tender paper. But, simple as the notes themselves may appear, it is by no simple process that the conditions under which they are now issued have been arrived at. The legislation on this subject now covers a period of thirty-five years. During that time there has been a rapid succession of important legislative acts bearing upon the legal tender paper and some administrative acts of equally serious import. The system, that is present today is a product, not of any compact declaration by the law-making power, but of a singularly complex series of laws and executive orders.

The article focuses on an investigation conducted by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to know the reasons for the increase in the price of newsprint paper in the country during the year 1916. The results of the investigation were submitted to the U.S. Senate on March 3, 1917 and June 13, 1917. It was found that the domestic consumption of newsprint paper in the year 1915 was about 1,575,000 tons and it increased to 1,774,000 tons in the year 1916. An increase in the volume of advertising forced newspaper publishers to increase the number of printed pages of each issue. The circulation of newspapers also increased which resulted in a substantial increase in the consumption of newsprint.

The article offers information on the updated position paper on the policies relating to HIV infection in the U.S. The position paper on HIV policy has been established in collaboration with the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American College of Physicians. The updated HIV policy highlights major advances on the treatment of HIV infection, the expansion of HIV as a pandemic and the prevalence of HIV transmission in health care settings. Details on these updates emphasizing public health and clinical imperatives in identifying HIV infection are discussed.

This paper examines how straightforward application of two relatively simple statistical concepts, the measurement of relative variation or disparity in per-pupil expenditures by school districts and interpretation of the term 'percentile' as referring to school districts rather than students, triggered multimillion dollar litigation. As explained in Section 2, different interpretations regarding how to calculate relative disparities based on such percentages resulted in opposite conclusions as to whether funding equalization had been met and, in turn, as to which entity should receive federal funding-the Zuni school district or New Mexico state education officials. Section 3 covers Professor Gastwirth's two papers previously published in this journal, which effectively juxtaposed the lack of statistical expertise in the legislative and administrative processes related to the Federal Impact Aid Act, on one hand, and his own repeated surveys within the academic statistical community regarding the statistical meaning of this statute, on the other hand. Sections 4 and 5 discuss, the Supreme Court's 2007 decision affirming the Department of Education's funding formula, how this case reflects the ongoing tension between various Justices concerning the appropriate level of deference that courts should accord to federal agency regulations, the role of expertise (here statistical science) in the public policy arena that includes judicial review of disputes between aid recipients and disbursing agencies and the explicit mechanism through which external expertise on these issues becomes incorporated into the judicial process. Section 6 concludes that Zuni could have been decided differently if the consensus of statistical opinion concerning the term 'percentile' was part of the case record and taken into account by the Justices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reviews the efforts of the Martin Luther King Jr., Papers Project to prepare a definitive, multivolume edition of King's papers as part of a long-term effort to preserve the historical legacy of the African-American freedom struggle. The initial two volumes of `The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.'; Historical and intellectual context in which King's Crozer and Boston University academic papers were created; Selective use of appropriated passages; Citation and attribution practices; Details.

In a national survey, 82% of U.S. neuropsychologists who offered services to Hispanics self-reported inadequate preparation to work with this population (Echemendia, Harris, Congett, Diaz, & Puente, 1997). The purpose of this paper is to improve the quality and accessibility of neuropsychological services for Hispanic people living in the United States by giving guidance for service delivery, training, and organizational policy. General guidance towards this end comes from professional ethics for psychologists and interpreters/translators, federal civil rights law, the International Test Commission, and the Office of Minority Health of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, among others. This guidance is specifically applied here to cover professional cultural and linguistic competence of neuropsychologists, psychometrists, interpreters, translators, and consultants; languages of evaluation; use of interpreters; evaluation of acculturation; test translation, adaptation, and interpretation; application of test norms; intervention issues; reimbursement; and organizational issues. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Reports on the presence of cocaine, heroin and marijuana on various currency notes from the general money supply in the U.S. Potential of marijuana to contaminate both paper and plastic currency; Emphasis on the major psychoactive constituents of cannabis; Details on the physical composition of the currency notes.

Among its many collections documenting the history of the Far West, the Huntington Library holds the papers of various western historians. Although such collections present certain inherent challenges, they also can offer significant contributions to the study of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the discovery of papers on Soviet socialism written by Leon Trotsky and his son, Lev Sedov, in the Boris I. Nicolaevsky Collection in the Archives of the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace at Stanford University in California. Contribution of Leon Trotsky to the study of Russian history; Other repositories in which Trotsky papers can be found; Content of and period covered by the Hoover Institution papers.

The author reflects on the importance in peer-reviews for scientific papers. He argues that peer reviews are important but fallible filters, which attempt to exclude material which is trivial and has flawed methodology or unjustified conclusions. He also cites several limitations of peer reviews including the ability to miss certain errors, limited peer review of correspondence, and that reviewers judge only what they can see.

Presents an acknowledgement speech given by microbiologist C.W. Hesseltine on receipt of the 1980 Charles Tom Award. Influence of Charles Tom on the professional career of Hesseltine; Identification of the number and diversity of activities of microorganisms; Role of microorganisms in fermentation and applied microbiology; Interactions of microorganisms.

Discusses the twentieth-century history of Native Americans, based on the papers at the Carl Albert Center Congressional Archives of the University of Oklahoma. Native Americans' sources of learning; Effort to protect ceremonial use of peyote; Other issues discussed by Oklahoma's Native Americans with their congressmen.

Background. In April 2008, experts reviewed updates on sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention and treatment in preparation for the revision of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) STD Treatment Guidelines. This included a review of cervical cancer screening in the STD clinical setting. Methods. Key questions were identified with assistance from an expert panel. Reviews of the literature were conducted using the PubMed computerized database and shared with the panel. Updated information was incorporated in the 2010 CDC STD Treatment Guidelines. Results. We recommend that STD clinics offering cervical screening services screen and treat women according to guidelines by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the American Cancer Society, the US Preventive Services Task Force, and the American Society for Colposcopists and Cervical Pathologists. New to the 2010 guidelines are higher age for initiating cervical screening (age ≥21 years) and less frequent intervals of screening (at least every 3 years). New recommendations include new technologies, such as liquid-based cytology and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA tests. Liquid-based technologies are not recommended over conventional testing. HPV DNA tests are recommended as adjunct tests and with new indications for use in cervical screening and management. Stronger recommendations were issued for STD clinics offering cervical screening services to have protocols in place for follow-up of test results and referral (eg, colposcopy). Conclusions. Important additions to the 2010 STD Treatment Guidelines include information on updated algorithms for screening and management of women and recommendations for use of liquid-based cytology and high-risk HPV testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the structure and the logic of proofs in trials. He considers various approaches to developing a theory of the law of evidence and proof. He addresses the role of ontology in examining juridical proof in the U.S. He explores the case of humanity writ large and the case of humanity taken singly.

Christian nonprofits have an important place in the religious landscape of the United States. They are providing a wide range of goods and services to individuals, congregations, and even denominations. Despite their substantial and growing influence, we know little about how these organizations are using the billions of dollars they collectively receive. I examine one issue that is frequently of interest to both scholars and the public. Using new data on over 1,900 Christian nonprofits, the analysis looks at leadership compensation in these organizations. I focus on how organizational resources, internal and external monitoring, and leadership power influence whether and how much Christian nonprofits compensate their leaders. Resources and leadership power are found to be positively associated with the amount of compensation given to leaders in Christian nonprofits, while monitoring does not have a significant association. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the actions of U.S. politician Paul V. McNutt (1891-1955), as U.S. high commissioner of the Philippines, in arranging for hundreds of Jewish refugees to be brought from Nazi Germany to Manila in 1938-1939. McNutt's motivations in providing a haven for Jews rejected by the United States and other countries are discussed. His background in Indiana is discussed, including his opposition to the Ku Klux Klan and religious and racial bigotry. His political career in the Democratic Party is also discussed, including his time as governor of Indiana and his positions in the federal government.

The article presents the recommended design features of future clinical trials of antibacterial agents for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The efficaciousness of new antibiotics for the treatment of CAP has been assessed and compared with that of established antibiotics in noninferiority clinical trials. But the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is reassessing the appropriateness of a noninferiority trial design for CAP. Based on the pertinent data, there is a definitive and substantial treatment effect of antibiotic therapy for CAP. The evidence supporting a treatment effect of antibiotics includes higher mortality rates among patients with CAP, immediate decline in the mortality due to CAP, higher rates of treatment failure among patients infected with organisms and many others.

Previous literature suggests that increases in the medical use of opioids over the early 1990s did not contribute to increased morbidity secondary to opioid abuse. Our objective was to evaluate the period 1997–2001 to analyze trends in medical use and medical abuse of three classes of opioid analgesics that are commonly used in sustained-release formulations: fentanyl, morphine, and oxycodone. A retrospective analysis of the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) database and the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) database for the years 1997–2001 was used for this study. The analysis of the DAWN database showed that there was an 83.5% increase in all opioid analgesic mentions from 1997 to 2001. Mentions involving any fentanyl compound increased 249.8%, any morphine compound increased 161.8%, and any oxycodone-containing compound increased 267.3%. Mentions of each of these three classes of opioids remained less than 2% of all total drug mentions per year for each year studied. Medical use of the selected opioid classes, as reported in the ARCOS database and measured by grams distributed, all increased substantially (fentanyl 151.2%, morphine 48.8%, oxycodone 347.9%). Using this method of analysis, the rates of drug abuse, and resultant morbidity secondary to the use of opioid analgesics, remain low in spite of the increase in medical use of these substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To identify potential predictors and correlates of compliance and to examine differences between patient and provider perspectives on compliance. One hundred eighty-four patients (84 men and 96 women) were recruited from a chronic pain treatment program for this telephone follow-up study. Health care providers (HCPs) reported making more recommendations than patients reported hearing. Patients rated themselves as more compliant than did HCPs. Overall compliance rates at a >6-month follow-up were 89% from the patients’ perspective and 70% from the HCPs’ perspective. HCPs rated compliance specific to psychological care as more related to positive outcomes than did patients. Participants’ pain and anxiety ratings at a >6-month follow-up and satisfaction with treatment were significantly associated with patients’ compliance ratings. For HCP-rated compliance, only HCPs’ perceived benefit and interference from compliance were associated. Results suggest important disparities between HCPs and patients on remembered recommendations, levels of compliance, and health-related importance of complying with recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test alternative explanations for the comorbidity between fibromyalgia (FM), a medically unexplained syndrome involving widespread pain, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast to a default “risk factor” hypothesis, tested hypotheses were that: A) The association is due to a sampling bias introduced by the study of care-seeking individuals; B) FM is an additive burden that strains coping resources when confronting life stress; and C) Arousal symptoms of PTSD and FM are confounded. Community-dwelling women in the New York/New Jersey metropolitan area (N=1,312) completed a telephone survey regarding FM-like symptoms prior to September 11, 2001. Approximately 6 months after the World Trade Center terrorist attacks, they again completed the survey, to which questions regarding PTSD symptoms were added. The odds of probable PTSD were more than three times greater in women with FM-like symptoms, both assessed after 9/11. The odds ratio was not reduced by controlling for FM-like symptoms before 9/11 or for the potentially confounded symptoms of PTSD specifically related to arousal. These findings lead us to reject alternate explanations for the comorbidity between FM and PTSD. Speculations that FM and PTSD share psychobiological risk factors remain plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain data on patient demographics, clinical practices, and long-term outcomes for patients with chronic low back pain treated with implantable drug-delivery systems. The National Outcomes Registry for Low Back Pain collected data at baseline, trialing, implant (or decision not to implant), and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Data were collected at all time points, regardless of implant status. Numeric pain ratings and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability scores from implanted patients were compared among baseline and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Patients were also asked to rate their quality of life and satisfaction with the therapy. Thirty-six physicians enrolled 166 patients to be trialed for drug-delivery systems. The trialing success rate was 93% (154 patients). In all, 136 patients (82%) were implanted. In the implant group, numeric pain ratings dropped by more than 47% for back pain and more than 31% for leg pain at the 12-month follow-up. More than 65% of implanted patients reduced their Oswestry scores by at least one level at their 12-month follow-ups compared with baseline. At 12-month follow-ups, 80% of implanted patients were satisfied with their therapy and 87% said they would undergo the procedure again. Current clinical practices related to trialing of drug-delivery systems resulted in the majority of patients successfully trialed. At 12-month follow-ups, implanted patients experienced reductions in numeric back and leg pain ratings, improved Oswestry scores, and high satisfaction with the therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on several references by physician Edwin A. Weinstein regarding alleged strokes suffered by former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson which were published in the book "Papers of Woodrow Wilson." Medical analysis of Robert T. Monroe, an internist and gerontologist, on the medical interpretation of Weinstein on Wilson's alleged strokes in May 1896 and May 1906; Number of references to Wilson's alleged strokes which were contained in the book; Opinion of several physicians that Weinstein's diagnoses are not consistent with a stroke; Criticism on the lack of objectivity in Weinstein's diagnoses.

The article presents literary criticism on the books "The People of Paper" by Salvador Plascencia and "The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao" by Junot Díaz. According to the author, both novels are illustrative of trends and aesthetics in contemporary American ethnic fiction which function as methods of exploring the meaning of race. Topics discussed include historical and utopian fantasy, the concept of postrace fiction, social justice, and speculative realism.

The article presents a position paper for pain medicine, which identifies the history of pain medicine and offers suggestions to improve knowledge on pain medicine. It says that the quality of pain care is low and pain treatment remains to be ineffective thus becoming a problem in the U.S. It highlights notable advances in the history of pain care in the U.S. and the barriers that affect the progress of pain care treatment. It also suggests establishing pain medicine as a medical specialty.

The euro and prices DID EMU AFFECT PRICE SETTING AND INFLATION PERSISTENCE? Surprisingly not; or at least not directly. Using data on individual consumer prices and on sectoral inflation rates from six euro area countries spanning several years before and after the introduction of the euro, we look at whether EMU has altered the behaviour of price setters and/or the dynamics of inflation. We find no evidence of such change in 1999, when the euro was introduced as an electronic unit of account. At the start of 2002, when the paper currency appeared, the frequency of price adjustments (both upward and downward) increased suddenly, while the average magnitude of price changes fell; both, however, quickly settled back to the earlier patterns. Conversely, we do find evidence of a permanent decline in the persistence of inflation after the mid-1990s. While in principle this could be attributable to the preparation of EMU, this interpretation is put into question by the fact that a similar decline occurred also in the UK and in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes various African American newspapers in the United States. Some misunderstanding exists as to the actual number of African American newspapers now in operation. A decade ago census reports listed many religious, fraternal and business papers as newspapers. This is no longer done only "general" newspapers are now included. The sometimes mentioned demise of "half the African American press" never occurred. What did occur was a methodological change in the bureau of census calculations. According to the latest census reports, there were some 135 African American general newspapers in the United States in 1945. Most literate African American are exposed to the influence of the African American press at least part of the time. A third of the urban African American families regularly subscribe to African American papers, the proportion is much smaller in rural areas. These readers include, however, the alert and articulate individuals who form much of African American opinion. Newspapers contents are sometimes passed by word of mouth among those who cannot read.

The article presents abstracts of various papers related to polls and the new politics. One of the paper discussed is "The Political Functions of Public Opinion Polls in the United States," by Irving Crespi. The dilemma of democratic societies that so concerned Tocqueville, how to free men from entrenched authority without subjecting them to a more arbitrary public opinion, is particularly relevant to the analysis of tile role of public opinion polls in the United States today. Another paper discussed is "The Changing Role of the American Political Parties," by Harry S. Aslimore. The upcoming election may be the one that will finally demonstrate the significance of the shifts in United States population, and most importantly the changes in communications that have affected the political process in this country. Some other papers discussed are "Polling: The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and the Bandwagon Effect," by John L. Perry, "New Techniques for Measuring, Analyzing and Reporting Social Change," by Samuell Lubell and "Application of Q to the Assessment of Public Opinion," by William Stephenson.

The article focuses on various laws related to the denomination of greenbacks in the U.S. The U.S. Congress has repealed the provisions which limited the issue of national bank currency to denominations of $5 or more. A legislation passed on February 12, 1873 authorized the coinage of trade dollars. Another law had been passed on February 12, 1862 which authorized the issue of $150,000,000 in currency notes in the country. A legislation passed on July 11, 1862 authorized the secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury to determine the denomination of paper currency.

This article evaluates relationship between the U.S. press and U.S. elections. U.S. people often find the way U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt won elections with a majority of the press against him as something unprecedented. The author brings out the detail analysis of press right from its initial days to the present scenario. He reports that in the early days there was federalist domination in newspaper activity. The reasons for federalist dominance in the press are clear. The early papers were published chiefly in the seaports and commercial towns, and they generally stood for and expressed those patriotic aims characteristic of the politics to promote commerce with Great Britain and to establish a sound U.S. financial system. There were six Presidential elections during the period of federalist domination of the press, and in half of them the winner was elected without the help of a newspaper majority. In the next four Presidential campaigns, parties tended to divide on sectional lines rather than upon the old and familiar questions of policy, while new issues made other new groupings.

Objective: Unintentional injuries are the leading killer of children in the United States. Caregiver supervision decreases child injury risk; however, little research has examined the effects of distractions (e.g., cell phone use) on caregiver supervision and subsequent ability to protect children from injury. In particular, despite the prevalence of cell phone use, no research has examined the degree to which caregiver cell phone use may impair caregivers' ability to supervise their children effectively. The present study used a within-subjects design to examine whether caregiver cell phone use impacted caregiver vigilance and child engagement with potential hazards.Methods: A total of 51 caregiver-child dyads were observed in a pseudo hazards room across three conditions (cell phone distraction, pen-and-paper distraction, no distraction) to examine the effects of cell phone use on caregiver vigilance and child behavior (i.e., engagement with hazards) related to injury risk.Results: Caregiver vigilance was higher in the no distraction condition compared to the two distraction conditions (cell phone and pen-and-paper). Moreover, child engagement with hazards was lower in the no distraction condition than in the two distraction conditions. Although both distraction conditions impaired caregiver vigilance, caregivers were more impaired in the pen-and-paper condition compared to the cell phone condition.Discussion: Regardless the form, distracting tasks (both cell phone use and pen-and-paper task) impacted both caregiver and child behavior associated with injury risk. It is important that professionals working with parents educate them about the risks of supervising children while distracted and encourage mindful supervision to ensure safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been difficult to open up the black box of knowledge production. We use unique international data on the publications, citations, and affiliations of mathematicians to examine the impact of a large, post-1992 influx of Soviet mathematicians on the productivity of their U.S. counterparts. We find a negative productivity effect on those mathematicians whose research overlapped with that of the Soviets. We also document an increased mobility rate (to lower quality institutions and out of active publishing) and a reduced likelihood of producing "home run" papers. Although the total product of the preexisting American mathematicians shrank, the Soviet contribution to American mathematics filled in the gap. However, there is no evidence that the Soviets greatly increased the size of the "mathematics pie." Finally, we find that there are significant international differences in the productivity effects of the collapse of the Soviet Union, and these international differences can be explained by both differences in the size of the émigré flow into the various countries and in how connected each country is to the global market for mathematical publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the factors that helped Canada escape from the effect of prolonged silver agitation in the U.S. despite a strong commercial dependence of the nation on the U.S. The silver agitation was aimed at abolishing the silver certificate currency notes to save money on paper. Financial causes like solidarity of the banking system is held responsible for the reproduction of the same commercial and financial conditions in the two countries. Emergence of local branches of the banks in Canada has not only ensured security to the community, but also resulted risk management at local level.

The article criticizes the U.S. banking system for its failure to adapt to the present requirements of the country. The banking system failed to provide uniform bank note currency throughout the country. The banking system failed to provide a return flow of notes under the effective plan of redemption due to circumstances under which the laws pertaining to the national banks were passed. The lack of investments in U.S. bonds and confining capital in a non-banking security are serious problems in the functioning of the banking system.

This article presents information on the U.S. civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. Paper Project's Liberation Curriculum. The Liberation Curriculum has emphasized to change the way young people think about King, the modem African American freedom struggle, and the ongoing struggle for social justice. The Liberation Curriculum also explores King's ideological and political development, which in the popular mind has been frozen on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, where he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. The Curriculum emphasizes King's broader concern for human rights, such as his opposition to the Vietnam War and his efforts to bring about economic justice. It also seeks to clarify King's place in history, presenting students with the inspiring message that ordinary people can make extraordinary contributions to the cause of social justice.

Reviews the Web site Thomas A. Edison Papers from the State University of New Jersey in Piscataway.

The 2021 American Rescue Plan included the temporary expansion of the Child Tax Credit (CTC)--the largest individual income tax credit program in the United States--for most families with children. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, how did the public perceive this social policy benefit for families, especially in relation to other traditional social programs? By focusing on the CTC, an understudied policy area, and presenting original survey data, this paper first shows that, while the majority of respondents favored the CTC, levels of support for these benefits were lower than support for other social programs. Second, the paper suggests that, compared to older people and people with disabilities, Americans view families as part of the "undeserving" population. Third, by presenting panel data, we show that there is no change in levels of CTC support even among recipients of these benefits. Overall, these findings shed light on important challenges to the development and implementation of family policy in the USA, as well as the possibility of recalibrating the US liberal welfare state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries extension programmes frequently fail to secure mandatory or voluntary adoption of bycatch reduction devices and techniques. Approaches for improving the outcomes of extension programmes are often based on ad hoc assessments and do not consider human behaviour or change theories. This paper offers an in-depth analysis of extension activities that led to various adoption outcomes in two prominent bycatch case studies in the United States: turtle excluder devices in shrimp trawl fisheries and dolphin bycatch in the tuna purse seine fishery. Using a grounded theory approach to text analysis of interviews and documents, I examine five periods of voluntary or mandatory adoption efforts. I explain the outcomes through the lens of diffusion of innovation theory. The most effective extension programme involved informative and persuasive efforts, enforced regulations, and commercially practical bycatch reduction devices. Voluntary adoption occurred under exceptional circumstances of public and political pressure and a device that offered substantial benefits to the adopter. The two periods of successful adoption applied the most core principles of diffusion theory. This paper concludes with recommendations for how change agents can apply diffusion theory to future fisheries extension programmes to improve the adoption of bycatch reduction devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the efforts of women during the Progressive Era to mobilize social and political power through their organizations. Discussion on the social networks and organizations formed by women during the period to solve social problems; Importance of women in the administration of the U.S. Sanitary Commission's policies throughout the old Northwest Territory; Ability of women to speak for the national welfare.

The article presents several abstracts of various studies related to black communities. The analysis is based on personal interviews dealing with the social problems perceived by black residents of Indianapolis, Indiana. In this survey, unexpected difficulties in retaining black interviewers necessitated using white interviewers to meet project deadlines. Anticipating that the data would reflect the operation of interviewer effect, subsequent analysis paid careful attention to the phenomenon. Ethical issues surrounding research with humans are of concern not only to researchers and professional associations but also to government agencies and the Congress. Another report describes the changing attitudes of executives toward the corporate advancement of women and nonwhites as well as their election to boards of directors, and examines the ways in which executives believe that women and minorities are now discriminated against in opportunities to grow into positions in top and middle management.

Focuses on the supposed necessity of the issue of legal tender notes during the U.S. civil war of 1861-1865. Views of member of Ways and Means Committee of the U.S. Samuel Hooper on the issue of legal tender notes; Passage of the Legal Tender Act in the U.S. Congress in February 1862; Arguments in favor of Legal Tender Act over the plan offered by the minority of the U.S. Ways and Means ommittee.