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Investor–State dispute settlement (ISDS) is undergoing a seismic shift, not least regarding its relationship with human rights. We apply the three ‘generations’ of human rights framework to ISDS reform, underscoring fundamental tensions between ISDS and human rights considerations. The resultant tensions are as varied as calls for reform spanning, inter alia, permissive human rights provisions in international investment agreements, inconsistent State practices regarding human rights in model agreements, and case law that largely ignores human rights considerations. We acknowledge these tensions, noting where they persist, as well as where the seeds of reform have already been sewn. We contend that ongoing ISDS reform efforts provide opportunities to infuse the ISDS architecture with a newfound emphasis on all generations of human rights, thereby overcoming many of the persistent tensions that have previously encumbered efforts to develop synergies between ISDS and international human rights law.

Objective To define and illustrate three new descriptors for microcalcification morphology on mammography, and provide a preliminary assessment of their potential clinical value. Methods The institutional review board approved this retrospective study and waived the requirement for informed consent. One thousand consecutive biopsy-proven cases of microcalcifications were retrospectively reviewed by the index study observer, a fellowship-trained breast radiologist blinded to histologic outcome. Each case was evaluated for traditional Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) morphology descriptors, as well as for the presence of one of three proposed new calcification morphology descriptors: (1) square, (2) sandwich, and (3) teardrop, pill & capsule. Positive predictive value (PPV) for each proposed shape was calculated. Interobserver variability was calculated on a subset of 200 cases, which were evaluated by two additional breast radiologists blinded to the interpretation of the index observer. Results Of 1000 cases, 702 (70.2%) were benign, and 298 (29.8%) were malignant. There were 51 (5.1%) square and 60 (6.0%) sandwich calcification cases, which were all benign at biopsy (PPV, 0%). Of the 106 (10.6%) cases that included teardrop, pill & capsule calcifications, 90 were malignant (PPV, 84.9%). Interobserver variability for the traditional BI-RADS morphology descriptors (κ = 0.40) was comparable to observer variability of the proposed new morphologies: square (κ = 0.39), sandwich (κ = 0.47), and teardrop, pill & capsule (κ = 0.49). Conclusion The proposed calcification descriptors square and sandwich-shaped had a PPV of 0%, and they may represent new typically benign morphologies. In contrast, teardrop, pill & capsule–shaped calcifications indicate a higher likelihood of malignancy than that of previously established descriptors.

The right of access to environmental information has become a key aspect of contemporary efforts to promote environmental governance in the UK. The right is enshrined in international law through the Aarhus Convention which, alongside other legal developments, has influenced how academics analyse the right in the UK. How research into the right has been conducted is significant because it has led to gaps in how we understand the right and undermines environmental protection efforts. This article identifies and critiques the common analytical trends used to analyse the right of access to environmental information in the UK. The article considers two of these trends, examining their negative impact and the role of the Aarhus Convention in creating these trends. The article concludes by discussing the need to critically engage with these knowledge gaps to improve how the right is guaranteed and, ultimately, the implementation of environmental protection efforts.

In this essay, I argue that considerations of public space are vital to scholars' theorizing of the public sphere. Discursive interactions, media spectacles, and social media use are all integral to social movement success, but an understanding of their interdependence with physical spaces is also essential to the maintenance of democratic participation. 'Locating' Occupy in the public sphere through an exploration of its simultaneous occupation of public squares and public screens reveals the importance of public spaces in maintaining public spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very long term near-infrared variable star survey towards the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds was carried out using the 1.4m InfraRed Survey Facility at the South African Astronomical Observatory. This project was initiated in December 2000 in the LMC, and in July 2001 in the SMC. Since then an area of 3 square degrees along the bar in the LMC and an area of 1 square degree in the central part of the SMC have been repeatedly observed. This survey is ongoing, but results obtained with data taken until December 2017 are reported in this paper. Over more than 15 years we have observed the two survey areas more than one hundred times. This is the first survey that provides near-infrared time-series data with such a long time baseline and on such a large scale. This paper describes the observations in the SMC and publishes a point source photometric catalogue, a variable source catalogue, and time-series data., Comment: 16 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

We performed a geophysical study at a historical site in Buenos Aires, Argentina, corresponding to the location of a Jesuit Mission established during the 17th century, remaining there until the 18th century. The site consisted of a church, cloisters, a school, orchards and a procurator’s office; also several tunnels were built, connecting the mission with different public buildings in the town. In the 19th century the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires was built in a sector of the site originally occupied by an orchard, functioning until its demolition in 1973. At present, this area is a cobbled square. With the aim of preserving and restoring the buried structures, work was carried out in this square looking for tunnels and remains of the basement of the old building. Considering the conductive features of the subsoil, mainly formed by clays and silt, the complex characteristics of the buried structures, and the urban localization of the study area with its consequent high level of environmental electromagnetic noise, we performed prefeasibility studies to determine the usefulness of different geophysical methods. The best results were achieved from the geoelectrical method. Dipole–dipole profiles with electrode spacings of 1.5 and 3m provided enough lateral and vertical resolution and the required penetration depth. Reliable data were obtained as long as the electrodes were buried at least 15 cm among the cobble stones. Nine 2D electrical resistivity tomographies were obtained by using a robust inversion procedure to reduce the effect of possible data outliers in the resulting models. The effect on these models of different error estimations was also analyzed. Then, we built up a pseudo-3D model by laterally interpolating the 2D inversion results. Finally, by correlating the resulting model with the original plans, the remains of the expected main structures embedded in the site were characterized. In addition, an anomaly was identified that indicates the presence of a tunnel not previously reported. Fil: Osella, Ana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física. Grupo de Geofísica Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Martinelli, Hilda Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física. Grupo de Geofísica Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Grunhut, Vivian. Universidad de San Andrés. Departamento de Matemáticas y Ciencias; Argentina Fil: de la Vega, Matias. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física. Grupo de Geofísica Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Bonomo, Nestor Eduardo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física. Grupo de Geofísica Aplicada; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Weissel, Marcelo Norman. Universidad Nacional de Lanus. Departamento de Humanidades y Artes; Argentina

Hansen, L. P., Hutchinson, P., Reddin, D. G., and Windsor, M. L. 2012. Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management: an introduction. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1533–1537. Concerns about increased mortality of salmon at sea resulted in the development and implementation of a major internationally coordinated, public- and privately funded programme of research, the SALSEA programme. Major research surveys were conducted in the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic in 2008 and 2009, and there was enhanced sampling of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fishery at West Greenland. The findings from these surveys and sampling programmes, and from important new analyses of historical data, stable isotope and genetic stock assignment studies, recent tagging experiments, and other research, were reviewed at an international symposium organized by North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization and ICES and held in La Rochelle, France, 11–13 October 2011. This well-attended symposium, entitled “Salmon at Sea: Scientific Advances and their Implications for Management”, highlighted advances in our understanding of the migration, distribution, and survival of salmon at sea, possible causes of the recent increased mortality, future research priorities, and the management actions that might be undertaken to mitigate the increased mortality of salmon at sea.

Some animals have the capacity to produce different alarm calls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not clear what cognitive processes are involved in generating these calls. One possibility is the position of the predator: Anything on the ground receives a terrestrial predator call, and anything in the air receives an aerial predator call. Another possibility is that animals are able to recognize the physical features of predators and incorporate those into their calls. As a way of elucidating which of these mechanisms plays a primary role in generating the structure of different calls, we performed two field experiments with Gunnison’s prairie dogs. First, we presented the prairie dogs with a circle, a triangle, and a square, each moving across the colony at the same height and speed. Second, we presented the prairie dogs with two squares of differing sizes. DFA statistics showed that 82.6 percent of calls for the circle and 79.2 percent of the calls for the triangle were correctly classified, and 73.3 percent of the calls for the square were classified as either square or circle. Also, 100 percent of the calls for the larger square and 90 percent of the calls for the smaller square were correctly classified. Because both squares and circles are features of terrestrial predators and triangles are features of aerial predators, our results suggest that prairie dogs might have a cognitive mechanism that labels the abstract shape and size of different predators, rather than the position of the predator.

I WENT TO VISIT Occupy Boston in mid-October. Some fifty tents in blue, red, and green filled Dewey Square in the financial district in downtown Boston. The square was named after Admiral George Dewey of the United States Navy, who won the decisive battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War in 1898. The Square bears the mark of American imperialism. I was surprised to find that the tent-city was neatly organized, with a reception space, a makeshift kitchen, and a medical tent with a red-cross sign. Occupy Boston runs a Free School University featuring Noam Chomsky and other radical professors and has a library with well over five hundred books. The Occupy Wall Street movement has spread to many cities in the United States and around the world. On October 15, 2011, hundreds of

The inscriptions discussed here were discovered during excavations undertaken by the Iraq Antiquities Service in the summer of 1992 in the remains of a building situated 90 m to the south-west of the enclosure of the Grand Temple at Hatra. The building, constructed above a raised pavement reached by three staircases, is composed of two broad rooms, each with three similar entrances, and in the middle of the west wall of the second room an entry leads to a square stone cellar. The building is similar to the third sanctuary, which is situated in the eastern part of the town, and, according to the author, would be the fourteenth sanctuary in Hatra and was consecrated to the goddess Nannay. Here, we take up the study of these new inscriptions which Dr Jabir Kh. Ibrahim published and translated in the journal Sumer. The numbering of the inscriptions is retained and continues the established numbering of the Hatra inscriptions.

When Douglas had concluded [his final speech] the shouts were tremendous: his excoriation of Lincoln was so severe, that the Republicans hung their heads in shame. . . . Lincoln in the meantime seemed to have been paralyzed. He stood upon the stage looking wildly at the people as they surrounded the triumphant Douglas, and, with mouth wide open, he could not find a friend to say one word to him in his distress. . . . When Douglas and the Democrats had left the square, Lincoln essayed to descend from the stage, but his limbs refused to do their office. During Douglas’ last speech Lincoln had suffered severely; alternately burning with fever, and then suddenly chilled with shame, his respiratory organs had become obstructed, his limbs got cold, and he was unable to walk.

Markets for dairy quality hay have emerged as dairy farms purchase more feed off the farm. Previous research on hay markets used proxies for quality since objective measures of quality were unavailable. A hedonic pricing model incorporating direct measures of quality (moisture, crude protein, and relative feed value (RFV)), proxies (cutting), and bale-type variables was estimated using data from a hay auction. Large round and square bales and medium round bales were discounted relative to small square bales. The implicit price for RFV was $0.55/ton in 2001–02. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.

The Sea Is My Country: The Maritime World of the Makahs . Henry Roe Cloud Series on American Indians and Modernity. By Joshua L. Reid. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2015. xvi + 400 pp. Illustrations, maps, chart, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $40.00.) The Makah Indian Reservation covers less than forty-seven square miles of Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. Nestled on Cape Flattery, the westernmost tip of the continental United States, this remote strip of coast consists mostly of rocky headlands, dense rainforests, and storm-tossed beaches with limited economic potential. It is, in sum, just the sort of place one would expect the federal government to put an Indian reservation. To focus on such features, however, misses the central fact of Makah identity and the point of Joshua L. Reid’s fascinating book. Tacking away from the land that so dominates our understanding of Native American history, The Sea … Ahffiis2{at}wm.edu

Four Square Leagues: Pueblo Indian Land in New Mexico . By Malcolm Ebright, Rick Hendricks, and Richard W. Hughes. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2014. xii + 452 pp. Illustrations, maps, glossary, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $65.00.) With longtime practicing water rights attorney Richard W. Hughes, noted scholars of New Mexico Malcolm Ebright and Rick Hendricks have written what can only be described as an exhaustingly researched book that examines the history of Pueblo land tenure in light of Spanish and later Mexican and American dominion. Inspired by Emlen Hall’s call some years ago to tackle the Pueblo square league, the authors bring their own substantial archival and courtroom experience to bear on the topic. With access to documents unavailable to scholars until very recently—specifically, primary source materials from Santa Ana Pueblo—as well as a careful reading of known sources, Ebright, Hendricks, … brescia{at}email.arizona.edu

Prepared for the fifth national Public Management Research Conference, Texas A&M University, December 3-4, 1999.

By Gerald G. Briggs, B.Pharm., FCCP, and Roger K. Freeman, M.D. Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, 2015. 1579 p. Price $139.99 (hard cover) Description: This is a very nice desktop reference for common and uncommon

SUMMARY Youden square designs nested in two or three blocks are discussed. These designs are useful in experimental settings with scarce materials involving many treatments.