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Quayshawn Spencer (2019) argues for radical racial pluralism, the position that there is a plurality of natures and realities for race in the United States. In this paper, I raise two difficulties for Spencer’s argument. The first is targeted narrowly at his response to a potential objection to his argument, and the second is a more general difficulty to do with how the argument handles the social consequences of the authoritative categorization of people. Although the second difficulty is more serious than the first, neither is insurmountable. I then sketch an alternative argument for radical racial pluralism, one that would be likely to succeed in the event that Spencer’s argument turned out to fail. Considering these two contrasting routes to radical racial pluralism highlights the fact that radical racial pluralism is a rather more modest metametaphysical position than it may have initially appeared to be. In virtue of this, I suggest that we should develop and assess a more radically pluralist metametaphysical account of race, which I term ‘ultra-radical racial pluralism’.

Background Mental health concerns in childhood and adolescence are prevalent, affecting nearly one million Canadian youth. In the absence of screening, up to 98% of these concerns can go undiagnosed, leading to significant health, educational, and social consequences. Consequently, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the development of screening tools to facilitate early identification and access to treatment. The Emergency Department (ED) represents a unique environment to implement such universal screening, as it is immediately accessible and may be the only point of contact for some vulnerable youth with undiagnosed illness. However, there are few existing instruments which take into account commonly cited barriers such as time constraints, disruption of ED flow, limited resources, and patient privacy. Objectives To facilitate efficient screening with minimal impact on ED flow, our team developed MyHEARTSMAP, an electronic self-administered screening tool. The tool is adapted from HEARTSMAP, a previously validated computerized assessment and management tool used by ED clinicians. MyHEARTSMAP has previously been evaluated for face validity and inter-rater reliability. Here, we measured the sensitivity and specificity of MyHEARTSMAP in identifying mental health concerns in youth. Design/Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted at two tertiary care pediatric EDs. Eligible youth aged 10-17 years presenting for a non-mental health complaint were invited to self-screen using MyHEARTSMAP. An accompanying parent/guardian could also complete an assessment of their child. The sensitivity and specificity was measured as the proportion of screened youth with mental health concerns identified through self-assessment by MyHEARTSMAP compared to assessment performed by a clinician (criteron standard). Results 760 youth and/or parents completed the study intervention. The sensitivity at identifying any psychiatric concerns was comparable between youth and guardian assessments: 92.7% (95%CI: 89.1, 95.4%) and 93.1% (95%CI: 89.5, 95.8%) respectively. The specificity at identifying youth without any psychiatric issues was also comparable between youth and their guardians: 42.2% (95%CI: 37.3, 47.3) and 37.0% (95%CI: 32.2,42.1), respectively. Conclusion MyHEARTSMAP is sensitive for identifying youth with mental health concerns. While it showed only modest specificity, false positives were almost entirely (98%) mild issues identified by youth and deemed to be normal by clinicians. This would not place a burdensome demand on mental health services and could be effectively assessed without specialized psychiatric training. Thus, MyHEARTSMAP may be an effective tool for early identification and management of mental health concerns.

Predictive policing systems are used increasingly by law enforcement to try to prevent crime before it occurs. But what happens when these systems are trained using biased data? Kristian Lum and William Isaac consider the evidence – and the social consequences

It is now a full decade since Paylor and Orgel (2004) called for social work to ‘wake up’ to hepatitis C (HCV). In that time, a small but significant body of social research has developed which has highlighted the far-reaching social consequences of living with HCV. Using this as a foundation, Paylor and Mack (2010) expanded arguments on the role of social work and identified specific areas where social work might become involved, arguing that the profession is uniquely placed and skilled, to respond and provide support. This article draws on qualitative in-depth interviews with twenty-one people who (had) lived with HCV in the UK, to strengthen and broaden the argument that social work and social care need to urgently take a bigger role in working with people with HCV, given the cross-cutting and wide range of issues that arise. This is the first study which uses participant data to argue for the need for social work involvement and in that it highlights a number of points in the experience where social work support is needed including pre and post diagnosis, whilst on treatment and after treatment.

Advances in genetic and genomic science are of particular interest to the United States military. Responding to Maxwell J. Mehlman's and Tracy Yeheng Li's article Ethical, Legal, Social, and Policy Issues in the Use of Genomic Technology by the U.S. Military, this Commentary explores the social consequences of medicalizing what it means to be a good soldier. It begins by reviewing the well-documented consequences of medicalization in the contexts of the eugenics movement and modern genetic and genomic science. It then applies that analysis to the military use of genetics and genomics, focusing on the ways in which genetic or genomic accounts of military ability could entrench existing gender and racial disparities.

Michael J. Boyle. (2014). Violence after War: Explaining Instability in Post-Conflict States . Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, 433 pp., hardcover (ISBN 13: 978-1-4214-1257-3). Michael Boyle’s book provides an excellent contribution in the area of security studies. The focus is firmly on postwar countries. This is a very important topic for a number of reasons. First, since the end of the Cold War we have experienced a downward trend in the prevalence and incidence of war. As a consequence, there are now many countries that fall within the postwar category. Second, this postwar peace is fragile, about forty percent of wars restart within a decade (Collier, Hoeffler, and Soderbom 2008), and the overwhelming majority of civil wars take place in countries that have previously experienced a war (Walter 2014). A better understanding of the challenges to postwar peace provides policy advice that could help prevent these cycles of war. The defining characteristic of war is large-scale organized violence, and Boyle makes violence the central theme in his investigation. Economic, political, and social consequences of the war also receive a lot of discussion, but to my mind the clear focus on violence makes this book a particularly valuable contribution to the emerging literature on postwar peace. Boyle provides two chapters in which he categorizes types of violence and the pathways through which violence threatens the peace. Five in-depth case studies—Bosnia-Herzegovina, Rwanda, Kosovo, East Timor, and Iraq—follow, and the last chapter draws conclusions based on the theoretical concepts and the empirical evidence. Boyle defines three different categories of violence: expressive, instrumental, and strategic. Expressive violence is an … anke.hoeffler{at}economics.ox.ac.uk

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease with serious health and social consequences which requires effective disease management. Patients engage in various coping behaviours in order to manage their disease. The aim of this study is to find out if self-esteem of patients is associated with coping strategies and if it can enhance …

Economists have traditionally treated preferences as exogenously given. Preferences are assumed to be influenced by neither beliefs nor the constraints people face. As a consequence, changes in behaviour are explained exclusively in terms of changes in the set of feasible alternatives. Here, we argue that the opposition to explaining behavioural changes in terms of preference changes is ill-founded, that the psychological properties of preferences render them susceptible to direct social influences and that the impact of ‘society’ on preferences is likely to have important economic and social consequences.

Unemployment has risen sharply in a number of countries and it appears to be becoming more persistent. The experience of the 1970s and 1980s showed that adverse unemployment shocks could have long-lasting effects with very serious economic and social consequences. A key mechanism producing these adverse consequences was hysteresis in unemployment whereby temporary rises in unemployment generated by supply and/or demand shocks had permanent (or, at least, very persistent) effects. Clearly, it is important to understand how hysteresis mechanisms might operate in order to avoid such adverse outcomes. On the other hand, experience during the subsequent two decades showed that, under more favourable macroeconomic conditions, it is possible to observe 'good' hysteresis effects. Now is a very appropriate time to re-visit the issue of hysteresis in unemployment in order to avoid the errors of the 1970s and 1980s and, if possible, to get hysteresis effects working in a positive direction. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.

This paper outlines a brief history of planning policy in England as it relates to housing. It discusses briefly the issues raised by a plan-led system, and the uncertainties of household projections. Evidence on the relationship between house prices and housing supply, and on house-builders’ landbanks, suggests that planning constraints are a key factor behind the long-term upward trend in house prices (though over shorter periods other factors, such as long-term real interest rates, will be more important). It concludes that the environmental constraints on additional housing supply, albeit important, can be overstated. While there are serious adverse social consequences of the way in which the English housing market works today, it is not yet clear that the (largely welcome) policy steps taken over the past 3 years will prove sufficient to resolve this problem.

Background The objective of this study was to explore community beliefs about the causes, consequences and potential solutions of childhood obesity. Methods A convenience sample of 434 adults (41.2+13.3 years; 61% parents) in New South Wales, Australia, was surveyed using a newly developed childhood obesity scale. Results Five causal (emotional eating; eating habits and food knowledge; environmental dysfunction; abundance of contemporary lifestyle; cost of contemporary lifestyle), four consequences (known consequences of obesity; behavioural consequences; social consequences; less-known physical consequences) and three potential solutions factors (parental actions; professional assistance; limiting behaviours) were identified. Parents did not differ from non-parents across the 12 factors nor were there any differences based on the level of education. There were, however, gender differences across two causal factors (emotional eating and abundance of contemporary lifestyle) and two consequences factors (behavioural consequences and social consequences), with females endorsing all four factors more strongly than males. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that this sample was aware of the complex nature of childhood obesity in terms of its causes, consequences and a range of potential solutions, but they endorsed more family rather than community-based interventions.

This research explores ridicule as a mechanism through which adolescents exchange information about consumption norms and values. The author finds that adolescents use ridicule to ostracize, haze, or admonish peers who violate consumption norms. Targets and observers learn stereotypes about avoidance groups, consumption norms of aspirational groups, the use of possessions to communicate social linkages and achieve acceptance goals, and social consequences of nonconformity. As a result, many targets and observers of ridicule alter their perceptions, acquisition, use, and disposition of objects in order to avoid unwanted attention.

Background: “At-risk”drinking is associated with a variety of negative health and social consequences. However, little is known about the characteristics of at-risk drinkers or of changes in at-risk status over time.Purpose: The objective was to examine the correlates of at-risk drinking and the prospective predictors of maintenance or change in at-risk status.Method: Participants were 4,322 employed individuals assessed at baseline and 4 years later. At-risk drinking was defined as 2 or more drinks per day for men and 1 or more drinks per day for women.Results: The baseline prevalence of at-risk drinking was 11%. Four percent of baseline not-at-risk individuals transitioned to at-risk drinking at follow-up, and 54% of the baseline at-risk individuals remained at-risk at follow-up. Several demographic-, work-, and tobacco-related variables differentiated at-risk groups and were prospective predictors of change in at-risk drinking status among those individuals who were not at risk at baseline. However, none of the constructs predicted change among at-risk drinkers.Conclusion: The data suggest that at-risk drinking is of public health concern. Eleven percent of the participants met criteria for at-risk drinking. Further, at-risk and not-at-risk drinkers differed on numerous characteristics, and their drinking may be influenced by different factors.

Social consequences of communication technology are based on widespread assumptions regarding effects of restricted capacity of mediated communication. Consequences are examined mostly in studies comparing face-to-face communication with various forms of mediated communication, confounding the availability of cues with other characteristics of media. Present research examines effects of restricted capacity to convey social cues independent of other differences between media. Assumptions are that limited capacity to convey social cues has negative consequences for the reduction of ambiguity and positivity of impressions, and limited capacity has particular social consequences. The first part of this assumption is confirmed in 3 studies. However, consequences of this limitation to convey social cues are less straightforward. The effect of limited capacity on the selecting of collaboration partners depends on the social identity of the parties involved.

In this chapter, the author approaches the problem of Napoleonic social reconstruction from a different angle. Rather than focusing on the social consequences of 1789, he seeks to understand Napoleonic social reform on its own terms, to recover the framework of ideas within which it was elaborated. During the eighteenth century the clash of the contrasting values had rent the social fabric of ancien regime France, where the practice of venal ennoblement challenged an older conception of social order in which status was justified in terms of merit, fidelity and function. Napoleonic social reconstruction is one of the best-known aspects of an under-researched regime. As Geoffrey Ellis, one of the most discerning students of Napoleonic society, put it, these sorts of studies were mainly concerned with apprehending the nature of revolutionary social transformation from the 'other end'. Even more significant is the substantial presence of public servants in the Napoleonic elite.

In October 1995, the regulatory authority in the UK issued a warning about an increased risk of venous thromboembolism in women taking third-generation combined oral contraceptives. This was done before publication of the scientific papers involved, and resulted in a huge media 'pill scare'. The manner in which the information was released has been criticised, as many doctors did not receive their 'Dear Doctor' letter from the regulatory authority until after media reporting. The result of the scare has been a loss of confidence in the oral contraceptive pill in general, and a rise in abortion rates.

The relatively short history of hormonal contraception has been marked by a series of 'pill scares', all of which--after creating panic among users--were proven to be unfounded in terms of public health impact. The latest pill scare, provoked by regulatory action in the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany in response to the publication of a series of articles indicating a doubling of risk of deep venous thrombosis in users of oral contraceptives containing third-generation progestins, seems finally settled: both the British and the German Drug Regulatory Authorities have now reverted their verdict. The damage unfortunately stays: hundreds of thousands of women have been compelled to abandon the pill of their choice, often deciding to drop contraception altogether, thereby exposing themselves to unwanted pregnancy and--in a number of cases--to pregnancy termination. This latest episode should be turned into something positive: we need to learn that, in the case of drugs in widespread use, before restrictive action is taken--and except for very rare and specific instances--the scientific community must carry out an exhaustive debate on the reality and importance of the observed effects. Although the public should, in each instance, be properly informed, it is only after this process has been completed that restrictive action should be taken. It is hoped that, after this last episode, all concerned have learned this simple principle and will accept being guided by it from now on.

As part of the International Congress of Clinical Chemistry, a symposium, Doping in Sport: Misuse, Analytical Tests, and Legal Aspects, was held, a week before the start of the Olympic Games at Atlanta, bringing together a number of international experts concerned with various aspects of controlling drug abuse in sport. The presentations focused particularly on anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), these analytes still comprising the greatest number of positive findings in samples tested by International Olympic Committee (IOC)-accredited sports drug-testing laboratories. Although various aspects of AAS use and detection have been reported on in the last decade, the proceedings of this symposium, published in this issue of Clinical Chemistry , bring together health, social, endocrine, and analytical perspectives in a widely read peer-reviewed journal. Those who think that the harmful effects of AAS administration are relatively benign and perhaps should not be banned by the IOC may find particularly sobering the article by Franke and Berendonk (1), which describes the health and social consequences of the clandestine state-sponsored program of administration of AAS in the former East Germany. This article should be extremely useful for educational purposes and, we hope, will encourage some present users to abandon the practice. The mechanism of action of AAS is still not well understood, and the article by Wu (2) is a useful update. Catlin et al. (3) discuss the pertinent issues of detecting AAS administration, in particular of testosterone (T), which is commonly abused. Stenman et al. (4) give a clinical chemistry perspective on the problems of detecting human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by immunoassay, the protein hormone that may be used by competitors to stimulate testicular production of T. Bowers (5) discusses analytical advances to detect performance-enhancing compounds, particularly with reference to xenobiotic AAS and peptide hormones, such as hCG. But why bother about anabolic …

Religion seldom features as a factor in custody and access disputes. When it does, courts are adamant they must be neutral in matters of religion. One religion or denomination is as good as another; likewise a parent having no religion stands on the same footing as a religious one. Cases were surveyed in five Common Law jurisdictions, all of which use the best interests or welfare of the child standard. The law's claim to neutrality in theory leaves something to be desired in practice. Parents belonging to 'minority' or 'unpopular' religions consistently struggle. In custody disputes, the conventional approach taken by the courts is to confine consideration to the social or temporal effects of the parent's religious beliefs and not to evaluate the beliefs themselves. But this approach can still count against parents where the restricted lifestyle dictated by the parent's faith yields a number of social consequences considered adverse to the welfare of the children. In access disputes, attempts by the non-custodial parent to transmit that parent's faith and include the children in his or her religious activities are prone to be viewed with suspicion and characterized as forms of indoctrination where the parent is an adherent of a minority faith. This article argues that an insistence on clear evidence of harm from the religious practice at issue is the best way to ensure that parents of minority faiths are not unfairly prejudiced by the best interests standard. Focusing on the particulars of the case (rather than an abstract assessment of the religion at issue) and requiring proof of prospective harm seem salutary steps along the road to ensuring the law's neutrality is as vindicated in practice as it is in sentiment.

A case-matched study was performed to assess the social effects of surgical complications of operative fixation of fractures of the proximal femur. Fifty-two patients aged over sixty-five, half with deep wound infection, the remainder with serious early mechanical problems requiring revision surgery to correct these, had their hospital fatality, length of stay, mobility and social dependency at admission and on discharge compared with patients free from such complications. Deep wound infection was associated with a high fatality and in the survivors a prolonged period in hospital, a marked decline in mobility and without exception a great increase in social dependency; patients having revision surgery had a longer hospital admission, considerable alteration in social circumstances but a little decline in mobility and no significant increase in fatality when compared with matched cases.

“They generally behaved like pigs, drank too much, and, raped the local girls wherever we moored on the African Coast.” This was written in the journal of a Dutch vicar while on his way to the Dutch Indies aboard a ship ofthe United Dutch Indies Company -Verenigde Oostindie Compagnie (VOC) in 1791.’ Although a visit to subSaharan Mica has always been accompanied by certain risks to our health, sexually transmitted diseases have always been abundant on this continent.The advent of the AIDS epidemic has greatly added to the dangers confronting sexually active visitors. Even well informed travelers appear to run enormous risks when they practice unsafe sex. A Dutch survey of 1968 participants, 1122 men and 846 women, has shown that 89 men (7.9%) and 18 women (2.1%) lived with an African partner and that 344 men (30.7%) and 111 women (1 3.1%) had heterosexual contact with African partners. Only 22.3% (men) and 18.6% (women) of these casual sexual contacts were protected with a condom.’ This is one of the reasons why the International Society of Travel Medicine called for a resolution to eliminate sex t o u r i ~ m . ~ Surprisingly, no cases of acute HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection related to traveling in the tropics could be traced in the literature. Because of the medical and social consequences of AIDS infection, we believe that presenting case reports can make physicians more aware of the importance of including acute HIV infection in differential diagnoses. To underscore the importance of this recommendation, three case-reports are presented.These cases show the dramatic impact on persons who acquire HIV infection while traveling or working in Africa.

This book is a lightweight, written by some of the real heavyweights of alcohol studies in Europe. That is all the more surprising, since any one of its eleven chapters would easily merit publication as a stand-alone review article in a refereed journal. The problem, of course, is that this book provides comprehensive coverage of an area which is not comprehensively covered. The map is at best a sketch map, containing many areas marked ‘unexplored’. The authors acknowledge that the relationship between bodily health and alcohol consumption is much better studied and understood. We know much about alcohol-related morbidity and mortality. We even know a lot about the health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption, even though those benefits may be no greater than that which could be achieved by exhorting middle-aged men to take half an aspirin a day. But when we examine social consequences, we have …

The divisive social consequences of the open door policy, combined with dissatisfactions generated by the blocked Sadat peace initiative, produce broad if still inchoate domestic opposition to the fundamental policies of the Sadat regime. In such a changed climate the weakened welfare dimension of Free Officer rule and the coalescence of elements from a wide spectrum of opposition opinion may prove crucial in diminishing the ability of Egypt's present ruler to carry the country with him in his economic and foreign policy reorientations.

Of 76 patients admitted consecutively to a stroke rehabilitation ward at Lightburn Hospital Glasgow, 35 were discharged home, and 29 of these were followed at home for three years or until they died. Eighteen of the patients survived for three years, the survivors being mainly the younger patients. Most remained reasonably fit physically, but none returned to employment and few undertook any activities outside the house. Many became depressed and frustrated. This group received little in the way of domiciliary health and social services, rehabilitation services and financial help. There is a need to improve the services for survivors of strokes after their discharge from hospital.

SYNOPSIS. During the twentieth century, geneticists have dramatically changed their assessments of the biological and social consequences of human race differences and race crossing. In the first quarter of the century, most geneticists thought that human races differed hereditarily by important mental as well as physical differences and that wide race crosses were biologically and socially harmful. The period from 1925 to the outbreak of World War II saw no change in geneticists' views on hereditary mental differences between human races, but a shift to agnosticism on the issue of wide race crosses. By the early 1950s, geneticists generally argued that wide race crosses were at worst biologically harmless, but still held to earlier beliefs about hereditary mental differences between races. The final period from 1951 to the present has witnessed the shift to agnosticism on the issue of hereditary mental differences between races. The changes in geneticists' assessments of race differences and race crossing were causedby increased understanding of the complex relationship between genes and environment and by cultural changes.

In this paper I consider family day care as a site in which to explore the personal and social consequences of home-based work. The data are from a questionnaire sent to all registered day care providers in Vermont (N=225) and from interviews with 28 registered and 34 unregistered family day care providers. I describe the motivation for offering family day care. I discuss how the autonomy of family day care providers is constrained. Finally, I look at some additional economic, personal and political consequences of home-based work. Although, from one perspective, family day care might be considered a booming success, I argue that this success rests on the secondary status of women in the labor force and on the unpaid labor of women at home.

like other customs, it can change and change rapidly. The findings of this study indicate that, if a large proportion of the white families in the United States were to adopt the same pattern for the use of birth control, the sex ratio at birth could be affected drastically. This would have innumerable social consequences. Having little information on who uses what pattern of birth control and for what reasons, there is little scientific basis for predicting changes in birth control practices in our society. However, the general tendency towards consensus and standardization suggests standardized birth control practice as a future possibility.

Social policies of favoritism are among the strategies used to compensate people for socioeconomic disadvantages suffered due to racial discrimination. The range is from preferential treatment to discrimination-in-reverse. In the former the emphasis is on equity restoration; in the latter on indemnification. Preferential treatment and discrimination-in-reverse vary in their effect on potential beneficiaries, their technical qualifications, and their self-perception. Socially sanctioned favoritism is a relatively new approach in the area of race relations. The subject is inherently sensitive. Research data concerning the impact of these policies on individuals and the society are sparse. In the absence of such findings, a number of plausible propositions are presented to stimulate empirically tested comparisons between these two policies in terms of their possible social consequences as well as on the individuals who are affected.

In such brief space it has been possible to analyze only a few aspects of the very complex sociological problem presented by the fascist movement-the analysis is in no sense complete. But perhaps it will serve in a humble way to illustrate a direction in which it seems possible to utilize the conceptual tools of sociology in orienting ourselves, at least intellectually, to some of the larger aspects of the tragic social world we live in. To consider the possibility of going farther, of predicting the probable social consequences, of possible outcomes of the war and considering what we can do about fascism in other than a strictly military sense would raise such complex issues even on the scientific level, that it is better not even to attempt to touch upon them here.

This article examines some of the economic, political, and social consequences of the rectangular land survey, which was born in the Land Ordinance of 1785. Over three-fourths of the area of the continental United States ultimately came under the rectangular survey. This was of large importance because it provided for easily recognized land descriptions, which in turn contributed enormously to the orderly and largely peaceful occupation of the land. The rectangular survey also provided the units within which economic, political, and social development took place.

AMONG THE MANY FORCES that jolt modern society, warfare is perhaps the most prevalent, possibly the most calamitous, and probably the most consequential. At first glance war seemingly regiments, confines, and inhibits peoples from pursuing their everyday activities; paradoxically it also propels enormous changes in the relationships among the groups and classes that constitute a society. Ever since Versailles, writers have been especially careful to accord war its due place in the history of society, characterizing it variously as a historical abnormality, a permanent social institution, a manmade disaster, or a moral outrage.' Since the Second World War has been the most general and the most destructive conflict to date, its social effects have been carefully examined. Gordon Wright and Richard Polenberg have written recent books that summarize conditions on the home front in Europe and the United States during World War II. Both works thoughtfully discuss war as an agent of historical change for the populations involved in the fighting. And for an even broader view of the matter, there are the abundant social consequences of World War II in the Pacific theater to consider as well.2 In this