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Overlaps exist between critical Criminology and critical International Political Economy (IPE). However, while criminologists are keen to engage with political economy, there has been less interest in criminology from scholars in IPE. Recently, though, a literature started to emerge within IPE that focusses on discipline, including research which focusses on ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’ yet without explicitly engaging with the criminological literature. This paper engages with criminological research to demonstrate areas of shared interest, particularly in understanding the role of discipline and consent in the structuring of the ‘social ensemble’ thereby offering something of a corrective to the literature on ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’. We argue that combining insights from Gramscian and (critical) Feminist social theory can help to explain the social reproduction of ‘hegemony’ in which discipline – including self-discipline – plays an important role. Long-term trends in the fracturing of the hegemonic post-war social ensemble were displaced by temporary ‘fixes’ related to consumerism, credit and discipline (including in state institutions, changing economic and ideological structures). However, in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 – the limits of these fixes are revealed and social polarisation is the result. In this context, disciplinary processes in and beyond state institutions are becoming more visible.

We study the effects of Fair Trade (FT) certification of coffee on producers and households in Costa Rica. Examining the production dynamics of all Costa Rican coffee mills from 1999 to 2014, we find that when global coffee prices are lower and the FT guaranteed minimum price is binding, FT certification is associated with a higher sales price, greater sales, and more revenues. We also find that certification reduces the probability of a mill closing down and exiting the industry. Looking at households, we find that certification is associated with higher incomes for farm owners. Part of this is due to a transfer of income from intermediaries whose incomes decrease due to FT. We find no effect of FT on unskilled workers, who are the more disadvantaged group within the coffee sector.

Background Targeted surveillance allows public health authorities to implement testing and isolation strategies when diagnostic resources are limited, and can be implemented via the consideration of social network topologies. However, it remains unclear how to implement such surveillance and control when network data are unavailable. Methods We evaluated the ability of sociodemographic proxies of degree centrality to guide prioritized testing of infected individuals compared to known degree centrality. Proxies were estimated via readily available sociodemographic variables (age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, household size). We simulated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemics via a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered individual-based model on 2 contact networks from rural Madagascar to test applicability of these findings to low-resource contexts. Results Targeted testing using sociodemographic proxies performed similarly to targeted testing using known degree centralities. At low testing capacity, using proxies reduced infection burden by 22%–33% while using 20% fewer tests, compared to random testing. By comparison, using known degree centrality reduced the infection burden by 31%–44% while using 26%–29% fewer tests. Conclusions We demonstrate that incorporating social network information into epidemic control strategies is an effective countermeasure to low testing capacity and can be implemented via sociodemographic proxies when social network data are unavailable.

Weimar Berlin is considered a past haven of queer possibility, but for trans people its permissiveness had clear limits. A close reading of the life of trans woman Gerd R. undermines a simple idealization of Weimar Berlin and addresses continuities and breaks between the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. How the Nazi state policed trans people is yet to be acknowledged by historians. Thus far, trans people have been subsumed into histories of queer persecution. Yet, if they had ‘Aryan’ racial status and were not considered homosexual, some trans people could avoid the worst of Nazi violence. If they had significant utilitarian value in their ability to perform skilled work, they could even be considered for rehabilitation into the Volksgemeinschaft. R.’s treatment therefore demonstrates the heterogeneous nature of Nazi policy and persecution in practice. Her contradictory and complex position within the Nazi societal matrix serves to undermine the coherence of the racial state paradigm and reasserts the vagueness and malleability of the Volksgemeinschaft model. This microhistorical analysis offers a new perspective on gender and sexuality in Weimar and Third Reich historiography, and foregrounds unexpected ways that trans liminality highlights incoherencies in Nazi state practice.

Aims Straight-to-test (STT) decisions are made on the basis of the details contained within the referrer's documentation. This is particularly important for Two-week wait (2ww) referrals where incomplete or missing information may result in unnecessarily duplicating investigations- incurring a cost to resources as well as exposing patients to potential harm. Through reviewing GP 2ww referrals, we highlight the prevalence of incomplete information relating to recent bowel investigations. Methods A prospectively maintained database consisting of 2ww Colorectal referrals from primary care was analysed over a 12-month period (January 2021- December 2021). The agreed local standard is that any bowel investigations within the last 3 years are included on the referral proforma. Proformas compliant with this requirement were marked as ‘Yes, complete’. A total of 3410 referrals took place during this period- 36 were excluded from analysis as no information regarding their status was available. Results Only 37% of proformas included a complete history of recent bowel investigations over the past 3 years, and 62% had no documentation regarding this information. Between January-April 2021 the proportion with complete documentation was 42%, which fell to 30% by September-December 2021. Conclusions Including details of recent bowel investigations over the past 3 years appears to be an area that is commonly overlooked by referring local GPs. Given that patients may have had investigations at different Trusts, in the absence of a cohesive data sharing network between Trusts, GPs are best placed to collate this important information when referring to the Colorectal unit.

Background and objectives In absolute terms, humans are extremely highly parasitized compared to other primates. This may reflect that humans are outliers in traits correlated with parasite richness: population density, geographic range area, and study effort. The high degree of parasitism could also reflect amplified disease risk associated with agriculture and urbanization. Alternatively, controlling for other variables, cultural and psychological adaptations could have reduced parasitism in humans over evolutionary time. Methodology We predicted the number of parasites that would infect a nonhuman primate with human phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic position, and then compared observed parasitism of humans in eight geopolitical countries to the predicted distributions. The analyses incorporated study effort, phylogeny, and drivers of parasitism in 33 primate species. Results Analyses of individual countries were not supportive of either hypothesis. When analyzed collectively, however, human populations showed consistently lower than expected richness of protozoa and helminths, but higher richness of viruses. Thus, human evolutionary innovations and new parasite exposures may have impacted groups of parasites in different ways, with support for both hypotheses in the overall analysis. Conclusions and implications The high level of parasitism observed in humans only applies to viruses, and was not extreme in any of our tests of individual countries. In contrast, we find consistent reductions in protozoa and helminths across countries, suggesting reduced parasitism by these groups during human evolution. We propose that hygienic and technological advances might have extinguished fecal-orally or indirectly transmitted parasites like helminths, whereas higher human densities and host-shifting potential of viruses have supported increased virus richness. Lay Summary Vastly more parasite species infect humans than any other primate host. Controlling for factors that influence parasite richness, such as the intensity of study effort and body mass, we find that humans may have more viruses, but fewer helminths and protozoa, than expected based on evolutionary analyses of parasitism in other primates.

We examine a determinant of cultural persistence that has emerged from a class of models in evolutionary anthropology: the similarity of the environment across generations. Within these models, when the environment is more stable across generations, the traits that have evolved up to the previous generation are more likely to be suitable for the current generation. In equilibrium, a greater value is placed on tradition and there is greater cultural persistence. We test this hypothesis by measuring the variability of climatic measures across 20-year generations from 500 to 1900. Employing a variety of tests that use different samples and empirical strategies, we find that populations with ancestors who lived in environments with more cross-generational instability place less importance on maintaining tradition today and exhibit less cultural persistence.

Animals that depend on water sources in dry environments must balance their water demands with predation risk. In settings of water scarcity, predators may strategically exploit prey’s dependence on water; prey may adjust their use of water sources either spatially or temporally to avoid overlapping with predators. To examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of predators and prey at water sources, we studied the use of semipermanent waterholes in the dry season by red-fronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons), a primate species that exhibits flexible circadian activity patterns and inhabits a dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. We hypothesized that lemurs avoid predators in their spatiotemporal use of waterholes. We analyzed the patterns of camera trap activations at waterholes by red-fronted lemurs and their two main predators: fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) and Madagascar harrier hawks (Polyboroides radiatus). We found that red-fronted lemurs were unlikely to use waterholes at times of day when predators were commonly present, and that the distributions of times of waterhole use differed between red-fronted lemurs and each of their predator species. Red-fronted lemurs frequently used waterholes that were also used by predators within the same week in part because the predators used a variable set of water resources. In this system, predators did not appear to exploit waterholes for the high density of red-fronted lemurs attracted to them, but instead likely used waterholes primarily to meet their own water demands. Our findings suggest that when predators and prey share water sources, prey may adjust their behavior to reduce their risk of overlap with predators, including through avoidance of indirect cues of predation, such as waterholes at particular times of day.

Aims To identify barriers in theatre attendance, facilitate access and maximise learning opportunities for surgical F1s (Foundation Year 1 Doctors) at a DGH (District General Hospital). Methods Between December 2019- December 2020, each F1 doctor was offered a day to spend in elective theatre during their General Surgery rotation (excluding emergency COVID rota periods). This was following feedback from the August- December 2019 cohort. Each ‘Theatre Day’ was scheduled during normal working hours when there was sufficient staff. Post-participation questionnaires were completed. Results Prior to implementation of the Programme, 3/8 F1s surveyed had not attended any elective surgery lists (1 had not attended theatre at all). All indicated that they would have been interested in attending a timetabled elective theatre day; 88% highlighted a ‘lack of staff’ and 63% indicated that ‘feeling guilty’ were barriers in attending theatre. 21 F1s were offered a ‘Theatre Day’: 17 agreed to participate and 16 completed post-participation questionnaires. Only 47% confirmed that they were considering a career in surgery prior to participation: all agreed that spending time in theatre was a useful learning opportunity and 94% agreed that the Programme should be continued. Conclusions Spending time in theatre appears to be valued as a useful learning opportunity for F1s, whether or not they are aspiring surgeons. Common barriers to self-organised theatre attendance appear to be an anticipated ‘lack of staff’ or feelings of ‘guilt’. A senior-led scheduling of one day in theatre should circumnavigate these barriers and ensure that access is available to all.

Audit Aims 1. To quantify staff compliance in documenting catheter insertion using newest (2019) vs older (2011) Catheter Care Plans (CCPs) in our hospital. 2. To assess completion of CCPs against NICE Quality Guidelines on Infection Prevention and Control1. 3. To action (and measure the impact of) interventions to improve CCP completion. Methods CCPs for all emergency and elective colorectal surgery patients with a urinary catheter inserted in our hospital, over a three-week period, were analysed. Interventions (including distributing new CCPs and placing posters) were implemented to raise awareness of desired documentation standards. Post-intervention, the audit loop was closed via a two-week analysis of a similar cohort. Results Pre-intervention, 25% of the 20 CCPs were new. The average completion rate of new and old CCPs, respectively, was 63.48% ±9.53% and 49.28% ±7.65%. Post-intervention, 66.6% of the 18 CCPs were new. The average completion rate of new and old CCPs, respectively, was 49.28% ±18.48% and 42.75% ±3.27%. Aside from one uncompleted, new CCP post-intervention, which skewed the results, we were 100% compliant with overall guidance on NICE1. Conclusions Increased communication between the wards and theatre teams is pivotal to ensure optimal catheter care for patients. Improvement points include: replacement of residual old forms with new CCPs, and more education to ensure correct completion of new CCPs. Further progress requires both awareness and availability of patient advice leaflets and catheter passports, as well as reminding staff of NICE Quality Guidelines1.

Background In New Zealand (NZ) approximately 10,000 people experience an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) annually. Little is known about the diets of people who present with first ACS. Methods The Multi-Ethnic NZ study of Acute Coronary Syndromes (MENZACS) is a multi-centre, longitudinal cohort study of patients with first-time ACS. At baseline, patients complete a validated short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) asking about dietary intakes in the 12 months preceding their event. Participants are followed up for rehospitalisation and mortality. Results Here we present the dietary intakes of the 2,015 participants enrolled into MENZACS. We excluded 90 participants who did not start the FFQ and 42 participants who had extreme energy intakes. For men (n = 1489), the median energy intake was 8637 kJ, and the median percentage of energy from carbohydrate, protein, fat, and saturated fat were 40.3%, 17.9%, 34.7% and 17.8%, respectively. For women (n = 394), the median energy intake was 7499 kJ, and the median percentage of energy from carbohydrate, protein, fat and saturated fat were 40.3%, 18.4%, 35.6%, and 18.0%, respectively. Conclusions Both men and women reported high saturated fat intakes in the year preceding their first ACS. Future work will examine dietary predictors of rehospitalisation and mortality, as well as analyse baseline blood samples for Lipoprotein(a) and lipidomics. Key messages Patients in hospital with first time ACS are able to complete a short food frequency questionnaire, with little missing data.

This paper presents findings from a historical study of community renewal, as it was articulated and operationalized in NSW, Australia in the period 1999–2006 to improve conditions on public housing estates. The key argument is that community practitioners need to pay closer attention to the power relations involved in actual interventions that claim to empower others. Further, it is argued that such an analysis is a crucial aspect of developing critical, reflexive and innovative forms of practice which have the potential to reconfigure power relations and open possibilities for new understandings of community. Case examples of the implementation of community renewal are included to show the tensions involved when practitioners engage in empowerment practices that are coercive in that they include the exercise of regulatory and disciplinary power. It is incumbent upon community work practitioners and those who educate aspiring practitioners to understand that policies and programmes utilizing community as a solution to social problems are not benign, nor are they necessarily solely politically expedient, although the dangers lay in conceiving and enacting them as such.

Aims The use of intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) has been associated with prolonged survival in patients with high grade glioma. However, iUS remains an under-utilised surgical adjunct in many neurosurgical units due to greater familiarity with CT and MR imaging. Navigated intraoperative ultrasound (NiUS) facilitates co-registration of pre-operative MR imaging with iUS, offering a number of advantages over standard neuronavigation. The aim of this study was to describe our initial experiences with NiUS for brain tumour resection in adults. Method We prospectively collected data on patient demographics, tumour location and histology, extent of resection and early post-operative outcome in 9 consecutive patients. Brainlab neuronavigation (BrainLab, Germany) and the BK5000 cranial ultrasound probe (BK Medical, Denmark) were used in all cases. We also collected data on surgical intent and the use of surgical adjuncts including neurophysiology monitoring, DTI and 5ALA. Results NiUS was used in 9 patients (6 male, 3 female). iUS scans were successfully co-registered in all cases. Histological diagnoses were GBM (7 patients), melanoma (1 patient) and oligodendroglioma (1 patient). NiUS was used in conjunction with the following techniques and adjuncts – awake craniotomy (2), DTI (all cases), neurophysiology monitoring (4 cases) and 5ALA (7 cases). Gross total resection was achieved in 8 patients. The mean operative time was 4 hours and 7 minutes, which is significantly lower than that reported in a recently published series involving intra-operative MRI. No patients suffered any deterioration in neurological status in the early post-operative period. Conclusion NiUS was rapidly assimilated into our surgical workflow with successful co-registration in all cases. NiUS was used successfully in conjunction with awake craniotomy, neurophysiology monitoring, DTI and 5ALA for both enhancing and non-enhancing tumours. Based on our early experience we offer learning points on patient positioning, set up of equipment and interpretation of iUS. Further studies are required to determine the impact of NiUS on patient outcome.

Line lists for the sulphur-containing molecules SH (the mercapto radical) and NS are computed as part of the ExoMol project. These line lists consider transitions within the $X$ ${}^2\Pi$ ground state for $^{32}$SH, $^{33}$SH, $^{34}$SH and $^{\text{32}}$SD, and $^{14}$N$^{32}$S, $^{14}$N$^{33}$S, $^{14}$N$^{34}$S, $^{14}$N$^{36}$S and $^{15}$N$^{32}$S. Ab initio potential energy (PEC) and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) curves are computed and then improved by fitting to experimentally observed transitions. Fully ab initio dipole moment curves (DMCs) computed at high level of theory are used to produce the final line lists. For SH, our fit gives a root-mean-square (rms) error of 0.03 cm$^{-1}$ between the observed ($v_{\rm max}=4$, $J_{\rm max} = 34.5$) and calculated transitions wavenumbers; this is extrapolated such that all $X$ $^2\Pi$ rotational-vibrational-electronic (rovibronic) bound states are considered. For $^{\text{32}}$SH the resulting line list contains about 81000 transitions and 2300 rovibronic states, considering levels up to $v_{\rm max} = 14$ and $J_{\rm max} = 60.5$. For NS the refinement used a combination of experimentally determined frequencies and energy levels and led to an rms fitting error of 0.002 cm$^{-1}$. Each NS calculated line list includes around 2.8 million transitions and 31000 rovibronic states with a vibrational range up to $v=53$ and rotational range to $J=235.5$, which covers up to 23000 cm$^{-1}$. Both line lists should be complete for temperatures up to 5000 K. Example spectra simulated using this line list are shown and comparisons made to the existing data in the CDMS database. The line lists are available from the CDS (http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr) and ExoMol (www.exomol.com) data bases.

This study examined the previous criminal behaviour of individuals who were arrested for violating the drug driving over the prescribed limit offence, introduced into the UK in March 2015. The sample consists of individuals arrested during the first year of enforcement of this offence from March 2015 to March 2016 within the jurisdictional boundaries of the Metropolitan Police Service in London. The previous criminal behaviour of the research subjects was framed within a number of criminological theories and there is examination of any correlation between their criminal history and the drug-driving offence they had been arrested for. The criminal activity was obtained from each individual’s criminal record held on the police national computer and coded with regards to offence groups. As well as criminal sanctions, there was also an examination of drug-related arrest histories. The results indicate a high level of previous criminal activity with drugs and driving matters dominating that activity. This supports the construct that, in this context, drug driving fits within their patterns of offending.