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Summary Background Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Metabolic syndrome is a significant predictor of cardiovascular events. Objective To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis. Methods We performed a hospital-based case‐control study on 338 adult patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and 334 patients with skin diseases other than psoriasis. Results Metabolic syndrome was significantly more common in psoriatic patients than in controls (30AE1% vs. 20AE6%, odds ratio 1AE65, 95% confidence interval 1AE16‐2AE35; P= 0AE005) after the age of 40 years. Psoriatic patients also had a higher prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia and abdominal obesity, whereas hyperglycaemia, arterial hypertension and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels were similar. Although psoriasis patients were more frequently smokers, the association of psoriasis with metabolic syndrome was independent from smoking. There was no correlation between severity of psoriasis and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Psoriatic patients with metabolic syndrome were older and had a longer disease duration compared with psoriatic patients without metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Psoriatic patients have a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome, which can favour cardiovascular events. We suggest psoriatic patients should be encouraged to correct aggressively their modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.

Summary Background Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in excessive prostaglandin production, has been observed in human epidermal keratinocytes after ultraviolet B injury, in squamous cell skin carcinoma (SCC), in actinic keratoses, and in the early stages of carcinogenesis in a wide variety of tissues. The dysregulation of COX-2 expression can in part be due to functional changes affecting regulatory elements in the promoter or 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the gene. Two common polymorphisms (–765GC, and –1195AG) in the promoter region of the COX-2 gene (now PTGS2), and one common polymorphism in the 3′ UTR (8473TC) have been described, and reported as associated with various malignancies. Objectives To determine if common known polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the COX-2 gene (PTGS2) can be associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) predisposition after organ transplantation, to evaluate if cancer risks are associated with specific COX-2 gene (PTGS2) haplotypes containing these polymorphisms, and to identify possible new genetic polymorphisms in the proximal 5′ or 3′ regulatory regions of the gene associated with disease. Methods The frequency of the three polymorphisms was determined in 240 Northern Italian transplant recipient patients (107 cases and 133 controls) with polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The proximal 5′ and 3′ regulatory regions of the gene were screened by heteroduplex analysis. Results Stratification by age at transplant and type of tumours [SCC or basal cell carcinoma (BCC)] demonstrated that allele –765C represented a protective factor in BCC cases undergoing transplantation before 50 years of age (CC + CG vs. GG, Fisher exact test P = 0·003). One rare polymorphism, −62CG, was detected in the 5′ flanking region. The allele frequency of –62G was 0·019, and no difference in genotype between cases and controls was observed. No other variants were found, suggesting that sequence variations in these regions are not likely to contribute to NMSC risk in this population. Haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype containing all major alleles represents a protective factor in patients with SCC undergoing transplantation after 50 years of age [P = 0·009; OR = 0·37 (0·18–0·79)] and that variant –1195AG may represent a risk factor in this subgroup of patients [P = 0·01; OR = 4·77 (1·47–16·41)]. Haplotype analysis in patients with BCC revealed that variant –765C might be a protective factor in patients undergoing transplantation before 50 years of age. Variant 8473TC, located in the 3′ UTR region of the gene, showed no association with NMSC risk after transplantation. Conclusions COX-2 common variants –765GC and –1195AG appear to be associated with risk of NMSC, although in different ways in the SCC and BCC subgroups, indicating that environmental and genetic risk factors may play different roles in the outcome leading to these two phenotypes.