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Résumé Le monoxyde d’azote inhalé (NOi), un vasodilatateur pulmonaire sélectif, est utilisé pour le traitement des nouveau-nés en insuffisance respiratoire hypoxémique (IRH) associée à une hypertension pulmonaire persistante du nouveau-né. Idéalement, il doit commencer à être administré après la confirmation échocardiographique de ce type d’hypertension. L’utilisation de NOi est recommandée chez les nouveau-nés peu prématurés ou à terme chez qui survient une IRH malgré des stratégies d’oxygénation ou de ventilation optimales. Cependant, il n’est pas recommandé d’y recourir systématiquement chez les nouveau-nés prématurés sous assistance respiratoire. On peut l’envisager comme traitement de secours chez les nouveau-nés prématurés en IRH précoce associée à une rupture prolongée des membranes ou à un oligoamnios, ou en IRH tardive en cas d’hypertension pulmonaire liée à une dysplasie bronchopulmonaire et accompagnée d’une insuffisance ventriculaire droite marquée. On peut aussi l’envisager chez les nouveau-nés atteints d’une hernie diaphragmatique congénitale qui présentent une IRH persistante, malgré un recrutement pulmonaire optimal, des signes échocardiographiques d’hypertension pulmonaire suprasystémique et un fonctionnement ventriculaire gauche approprié.

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), a selective pulmonary vasodilator, is used as a therapeutic modality in infants with hypoxemic respiratory failure (HRF) associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). iNO should ideally be initiated following echocardiographic confirmation of PPHN. Use of iNO is recommended in late preterm and term infants who develop HRF despite optimal oxygenation and ventilation strategies. However, routine iNO use in preterm infants on respiratory support is not recommended. iNO may be considered as a rescue modality in preterm infants with early-onset HRF when associated with prolonged rupture of membranes or oligohydramnios, or late-onset HRF in the context of bronchopulmonary dysplasia-associated pulmonary hypertension (PH) with severe right ventricular failure. A trial of iNO may also be considered for infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia with persistent HRF despite optimal lung recruitment, and with echocardiographic evidence of supra-systemic PH and adequate left ventricular function.

Primary Subject area Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Background Extremely preterm newborns are at risk of prolonged patency of the ductus arteriosus (PDA). Current literature has failed to indicate improvement in outcomes after exposure to strategies promoting ductal closure. As such, our center abandoned these practices in 2013. Objectives Describe the spontaneous PDA closure in premature infants, including those infants born at the extreme of gestational age (< 26 weeks). Design/Methods Retrospective study of newborns < 29 weeks, admitted within 24 hours after birth between 2015 and 2019 and without genetic or congenital anomalies. Newborns who were last known to be alive, with an available echocardiography, and who were not exposed to any intervention to accelerate PDA closure were included. Images were reviewed by experts blinded to the outcomes. Results 296 infants were analyzed. 37 (12%) did not survive their hospitalization, and 16 were exposed to interventions to accelerate ductal closure at some point during their lifetime (4 ligations, 4 catheter-closure, 5 ibuprofen and 3 acetaminophen). Out of the 243 remaining newborns, 214 had at least one echocardiography to ascertain ductal patency or closure (100% of those Conclusion The majority of newborns < 29 weeks, and even those at the extreme of gestational age (< 26 weeks) spontaneously closed their PDA before term-corrected age. While BPD rate was similar to previous cohorts, post-natal steroids use was high.

BACKGROUND Twin pregnancies and fetal therapies are associated with increased risk of preterm delivery. Limited literature exists on outcomes for extremely preterm infants born in the context of a pregnancy complicated with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). OBJECTIVES To compare mortality of preterm newborns who received laser therapy for TTTS to preterm controls born in the context of a dichorionic-diamniotic (di-di) pregnancy. Secondary outcomes are: short-term neonatal morbidities and neurodevelopmental measures at 18 months of corrected gestational age (cGA). DESIGN/METHODS Case-control retrospective study of all twins infant born RESULTS Thirty-three preterms with TTTS (TTTS-laser group) were compared to 101 preterms without TTTS (non-TTTS group). Demographic data and comparisons for short-term morbidities are presented in Table 1. TTTS status was not associated with increased mortality when adjusting for birth weight and antenatal steroids (Table 2). No differences were found for Bayley-3rd edition score, cerebral palsy, vision impairment, hearing impairment and growth parameters at 18-month cGA. CONCLUSION Extremely premature newborns exposed to fetal laser therapy due to TTTS had similar survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to contemporaneous extremely preterm di-di twins.