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Background Great diversity among public hereditary variants may play a role in the susceptibility and severity of acute rheumatic fever (ARF)/rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Cytokine gene polymorphisms may contribute to the disease-associated cytokine imbalance. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no existing meta-analysis concerning an association of the cytokine gene functional polymorphisms with the susceptibility / severity of ARF/RHD. Aims To investigate the potential association between cytokine gene functional polymorphisms of TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-1β and the susceptibility and severity of ARF/RHD. Methods Comprehensive and structured search on Pubmed/Medline, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was performed. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA. First, we performed direct pairwise meta-analysis. Then, a network meta-analysis was performed with the consistency model to compare the genetic models of different cytokine gene polymorphisms. Results Evidence derived from the meta-analysis of 24 retrospective cohort and case-control studies identified that elevated serum levels of TNF-α have been observed in ARF cases, occurring as a result of a SNP (-308G>A) in the promoter site of the TNF-α gene. Our results also suggest that IL-1β (-511) C/T polymorphism, TGF-β1 [rs1800469], and IL-1β [rs2853550] single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributed to the susceptibility of ARF/RHD. Egger’s test did not demonstrate significant asymmetry in the dominant. Conclusion In summary, the polymorphism model increased the risk of RHD in the dominant genetic model, recessive genetic model, homozygote model and allelic genetic model among non-Asians while, recessive genetic model and homozygote model among Asians.

Background Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine created a virtual education series about dietary guideline that refers to DASH by adapting the local wisdom of the Surabaya community. Aims We aimed to evaluate the impact of Airlangga Comprehensive Anti-Hypertensive Diets Virtual Education Series towards knowledge, attitude, practice, and reduction of blood pressure in the primary care setting during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This type of online action research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental design that designs using one group pretest-posttest, when this study was conducted in October-December 2020. The population in this study were all patients with hypertension who were treated in Mojo primary health care setting. A purposive sampling technique were done to receive 110 participants using online questionnaire. Results A total of 110 participants were included in the analysis, 55 in the intervention group and 55 in the control group. Following the Airlangga Comprehensive Anti-Hypertensive Diets Virtual Education Series implementation, the only parameter that showed significant improvement were knowledge and attitude (p Conclusion Airlangga Comprehensive Anti-Hypertensive Diets Virtual Education Series implementation in our study population seems to be effective to improve knowledge and attitude of participants, however, this program seems to be ineffective to improve skill and blood pressure reduction in participants. Future study with longer durations and more comprehensive programme needs to be done to scrutinize the clinical impact of this program nationwide.