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1. Searching for continuous Gravitational Waves in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array

Author

Falxa, M, Babak, S, T Baker, P, Bécsy, B, Chalumeau, A, Chen, S, Chen, Z, J Cornish, N, Guillemot, L, S Hazboun, J, F Mingarelli, C, Parthasarathy, A, Petiteau, A, S Pol, N, Sesana, A, B Spolaor, S, R Taylor, S, Theureau, G, Vallisneri, M, J Vigeland, S, A Witt, C, Zhu, X, Antoniadis, J, Arzoumanian, Z, Bailes, M, R Bhat, N, Blecha, L, Brazier, A, R Brook, P, Caballero, N, D Cameron, A, A Casey-Clyde, J, Champion, D, Charisi, M, Chatterjee, S, Cognard, I, M Cordes, J, Crawford, F, T Cromartie, H, Crowter, K, Dai, S, E DeCesar, M, B Demorest, P, Desvignes, G, Dolch, T, Drachler, B, Feng, Y, C Ferrara, E, Fiore, W, Fonseca, E, Garver-Daniels, N, Glaser, J, Goncharov, B, C Good, D, Griessmeier, J, J Guo, Y, Gültekin, K, Hobbs, G, Hu, H, Islo, K, Jang, J, J Jennings, R, D Johnson, A, L Jones, M, Kaczmarek, J, R Kaiser, A, L Kaplan, D, Keith, M, Z Kelley, L, Kerr, M, S Key, J, Laal, N, T Lam, M, G Lamb, W, W Lazio, T, Liu, K, Liu, T, Luo, J, S Lynch, R, R Madison, D, Main, R, Manchester, R, Mcewen, A, Mckee, J, A McLaughlin, M, Ng, C, J Nice, D, Ocker, S, D Olum, K, Osłowski, S, T Pennucci, T, P Perera, B, Perrodin, D, Porayko, N, Possenti, A, Quelquejay-Leclere, H, M Ransom, S, S Ray, P, J Reardon, D, J Russell, C, Samajdar, A, Sarkissian, J, Schult, L, Shaifullah, G, M Shannon, R, J Shapiro-Albert, B, Siemens, X, J Simon, J, Siwek, M, L Smith, T, Speri, L, Spiewak, R, H Stairs, I, Stappers, B, R Stinebring, D, K Swiggum, J, Tiburzi, C, Turner, J, Vecchio, A, W Verbiest, J, Wahl, H, Q Wang, S, Wang, J, Wu, Z, Zhang, L, Zhang, S, Collaboration, I, M Falxa, S Babak, P T Baker, B Bécsy, A Chalumeau, S Chen, Z Chen, N J Cornish, L Guillemot, J S Hazboun, C M F Mingarelli, A Parthasarathy, A Petiteau, N S Pol, A Sesana, S B Spolaor, S R Taylor, G Theureau, M Vallisneri, S J Vigeland, C A Witt, X Zhu, J Antoniadis, Z Arzoumanian, M Bailes, N D R Bhat, L Blecha, A Brazier, P R Brook, N Caballero, A D Cameron, J A Casey-Clyde, D Champion, M Charisi, S Chatterjee, I Cognard, J M Cordes, F Crawford, H T Cromartie, K Crowter, S Dai, M E DeCesar, P B Demorest, G Desvignes, T Dolch, B Drachler, Y Feng, E C Ferrara, W Fiore, E Fonseca, N Garver-Daniels, J Glaser, B Goncharov, D C Good, J Griessmeier, Y J Guo, K Gültekin, G Hobbs, H Hu, K Islo, J Jang, R J Jennings, A D Johnson, M L Jones, J Kaczmarek, A R Kaiser, D L Kaplan, M Keith, L Z Kelley, M Kerr, J S Key, N Laal, M T Lam, W G Lamb, T J W Lazio, K Liu, T Liu, J Luo, R S Lynch, D R Madison, R Main, R Manchester, A McEwen, J McKee, M A McLaughlin, C Ng, D J Nice, S Ocker, K D Olum, S Osłowski, T T Pennucci, B B P Perera, D Perrodin, N Porayko, A Possenti, H Quelquejay-Leclere, S M Ransom, P S Ray, D J Reardon, C J Russell, A Samajdar, J Sarkissian, L Schult, G Shaifullah, R M Shannon, B J Shapiro-Albert, X Siemens, J J Simon, M Siwek, T L Smith, L Speri, R Spiewak, I H Stairs, B Stappers, D R Stinebring, J K Swiggum, C Tiburzi, J Turner, A Vecchio, J P W Verbiest, H Wahl, S Q Wang, J Wang, Z Wu, L Zhang, S Zhang, IPTA Collaboration, Falxa, M, Babak, S, T Baker, P, Bécsy, B, Chalumeau, A, Chen, S, Chen, Z, J Cornish, N, Guillemot, L, S Hazboun, J, F Mingarelli, C, Parthasarathy, A, Petiteau, A, S Pol, N, Sesana, A, B Spolaor, S, R Taylor, S, Theureau, G, Vallisneri, M, J Vigeland, S, A Witt, C, Zhu, X, Antoniadis, J, Arzoumanian, Z, Bailes, M, R Bhat, N, Blecha, L, Brazier, A, R Brook, P, Caballero, N, D Cameron, A, A Casey-Clyde, J, Champion, D, Charisi, M, Chatterjee, S, Cognard, I, M Cordes, J, Crawford, F, T Cromartie, H, Crowter, K, Dai, S, E DeCesar, M, B Demorest, P, Desvignes, G, Dolch, T, Drachler, B, Feng, Y, C Ferrara, E, Fiore, W, Fonseca, E, Garver-Daniels, N, Glaser, J, Goncharov, B, C Good, D, Griessmeier, J, J Guo, Y, Gültekin, K, Hobbs, G, Hu, H, Islo, K, Jang, J, J Jennings, R, D Johnson, A, L Jones, M, Kaczmarek, J, R Kaiser, A, L Kaplan, D, Keith, M, Z Kelley, L, Kerr, M, S Key, J, Laal, N, T Lam, M, G Lamb, W, W Lazio, T, Liu, K, Liu, T, Luo, J, S Lynch, R, R Madison, D, Main, R, Manchester, R, Mcewen, A, Mckee, J, A McLaughlin, M, Ng, C, J Nice, D, Ocker, S, D Olum, K, Osłowski, S, T Pennucci, T, P Perera, B, Perrodin, D, Porayko, N, Possenti, A, Quelquejay-Leclere, H, M Ransom, S, S Ray, P, J Reardon, D, J Russell, C, Samajdar, A, Sarkissian, J, Schult, L, Shaifullah, G, M Shannon, R, J Shapiro-Albert, B, Siemens, X, J Simon, J, Siwek, M, L Smith, T, Speri, L, Spiewak, R, H Stairs, I, Stappers, B, R Stinebring, D, K Swiggum, J, Tiburzi, C, Turner, J, Vecchio, A, W Verbiest, J, Wahl, H, Q Wang, S, Wang, J, Wu, Z, Zhang, L, Zhang, S, Collaboration, I, M Falxa, S Babak, P T Baker, B Bécsy, A Chalumeau, S Chen, Z Chen, N J Cornish, L Guillemot, J S Hazboun, C M F Mingarelli, A Parthasarathy, A Petiteau, N S Pol, A Sesana, S B Spolaor, S R Taylor, G Theureau, M Vallisneri, S J Vigeland, C A Witt, X Zhu, J Antoniadis, Z Arzoumanian, M Bailes, N D R Bhat, L Blecha, A Brazier, P R Brook, N Caballero, A D Cameron, J A Casey-Clyde, D Champion, M Charisi, S Chatterjee, I Cognard, J M Cordes, F Crawford, H T Cromartie, K Crowter, S Dai, M E DeCesar, P B Demorest, G Desvignes, T Dolch, B Drachler, Y Feng, E C Ferrara, W Fiore, E Fonseca, N Garver-Daniels, J Glaser, B Goncharov, D C Good, J Griessmeier, Y J Guo, K Gültekin, G Hobbs, H Hu, K Islo, J Jang, R J Jennings, A D Johnson, M L Jones, J Kaczmarek, A R Kaiser, D L Kaplan, M Keith, L Z Kelley, M Kerr, J S Key, N Laal, M T Lam, W G Lamb, T J W Lazio, K Liu, T Liu, J Luo, R S Lynch, D R Madison, R Main, R Manchester, A McEwen, J McKee, M A McLaughlin, C Ng, D J Nice, S Ocker, K D Olum, S Osłowski, T T Pennucci, B B P Perera, D Perrodin, N Porayko, A Possenti, H Quelquejay-Leclere, S M Ransom, P S Ray, D J Reardon, C J Russell, A Samajdar, J Sarkissian, L Schult, G Shaifullah, R M Shannon, B J Shapiro-Albert, X Siemens, J J Simon, M Siwek, T L Smith, L Speri, R Spiewak, I H Stairs, B Stappers, D R Stinebring, J K Swiggum, C Tiburzi, J Turner, A Vecchio, J P W Verbiest, H Wahl, S Q Wang, J Wang, Z Wu, L Zhang, S Zhang, and IPTA Collaboration

Abstract

The International Pulsar Timing Array 2nd data release is the combination of data sets from worldwide collaborations. In this study, we search for continuous waves: gravitational wave signals produced by individual supermassive black hole binaries in the local universe. We consider binaries on circular orbits and neglect the evolution of orbital frequency over the observational span. We find no evidence for such signals and set sky averaged 95 per cent upper limits on their amplitude h95. The most sensitive frequency is 10 nHz with h95 = 9.1 × 10-15. We achieved the best upper limit to date at low and high frequencies of the PTA band thanks to improved effective cadence of observations. In our analysis, we have taken into account the recently discovered common red noise process, which has an impact at low frequencies. We also find that the peculiar noise features present in some pulsars data must be taken into account to reduce the false alarm. We show that using custom noise models is essential in searching for continuous gravitational wave signals and setting the upper limit.

Published
2023

2. The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background

Author

J Antoniadis, Z Arzoumanian, S Babak, M Bailes, A-S Bak Nielsen, P T Baker, C G Bassa, B Bécsy, A Berthereau, M Bonetti, A Brazier, P R Brook, M Burgay, S Burke-Spolaor, R N Caballero, J A Casey-Clyde, A Chalumeau, D J Champion, M Charisi, S Chatterjee, S Chen, I Cognard, J M Cordes, N J Cornish, F Crawford, H T Cromartie, K Crowter, S Dai, M E DeCesar, P B Demorest, G Desvignes, T Dolch, B Drachler, M Falxa, E C Ferrara, W Fiore, E Fonseca, J R Gair, N Garver-Daniels, B Goncharov, D C Good, E Graikou, L Guillemot, Y J Guo, J S Hazboun, G Hobbs, H Hu, K Islo, G H Janssen, R J Jennings, A D Johnson, M L Jones, A R Kaiser, D L Kaplan, R Karuppusamy, M J Keith, L Z Kelley, M Kerr, J S Key, M Kramer, M T Lam, W G Lamb, T J W Lazio, K J Lee, L Lentati, K Liu, J Luo, R S Lynch, A G Lyne, D R Madison, R A Main, R N Manchester, A McEwen, J W McKee, M A McLaughlin, M B Mickaliger, C M F Mingarelli, C Ng, D J Nice, S Osłowski, A Parthasarathy, T T Pennucci, B B P Perera, D Perrodin, A Petiteau, N S Pol, N K Porayko, A Possenti, S M Ransom, P S Ray, D J Reardon, C J Russell, A Samajdar, L M Sampson, S Sanidas, J M Sarkissian, K Schmitz, L Schult, A Sesana, G Shaifullah, R M Shannon, B J Shapiro-Albert, X Siemens, J Simon, T L Smith, L Speri, R Spiewak, I H Stairs, B W Stappers, D R Stinebring, J K Swiggum, S R Taylor, G Theureau, C Tiburzi, M Vallisneri, E van der Wateren, A Vecchio, J P W Verbiest, S J Vigeland, H Wahl, J B Wang, J Wang, L Wang, C A Witt, S Zhang, X J Zhu, Antoniadis, J, Arzoumanian, Z, Babak, S, Bailes, M, Bak Nielsen, A, Baker, P, Bassa, C, Becsy, B, Berthereau, A, Bonetti, M, Brazier, A, Brook, P, Burgay, M, Burke-Spolaor, S, Caballero, R, Casey-Clyde, J, Chalumeau, A, Champion, D, Charisi, M, Chatterjee, S, Chen, S, Cognard, I, Cordes, J, Cornish, N, Crawford, F, Cromartie, H, Crowter, K, Dai, S, Decesar, M, Demorest, P, Desvignes, G, Dolch, T, Drachler, B, Falxa, M, Ferrara, E, Fiore, W, Fonseca, E, Gair, J, Garver-Daniels, N, Goncharov, B, Good, D, Graikou, E, Guillemot, L, Guo, Y, Hazboun, J, Hobbs, G, Hu, H, Islo, K, Janssen, G, Jennings, R, Johnson, A, Jones, M, Kaiser, A, Kaplan, D, Karuppusamy, R, Keith, M, Kelley, L, Kerr, M, Key, J, Kramer, M, Lam, M, Lamb, W, Lazio, T, Lee, K, Lentati, L, Liu, K, Luo, J, Lynch, R, Lyne, A, Madison, D, Main, R, Manchester, R, Mcewen, A, Mckee, J, Mclaughlin, M, Mickaliger, M, Mingarelli, C, Ng, C, Nice, D, Oslowski, S, Parthasarathy, A, Pennucci, T, Perera, B, Perrodin, D, Petiteau, A, Pol, N, Porayko, N, Possenti, A, Ransom, S, Ray, P, Reardon, D, Russell, C, Samajdar, A, Sampson, L, Sanidas, S, Sarkissian, J, Schmitz, K, Schult, L, Sesana, A, Shaifullah, G, Shannon, R, Shapiro-Albert, B, Siemens, X, Simon, J, Smith, T, Speri, L, Spiewak, R, Stairs, I, Stappers, B, Stinebring, D, Swiggum, J, Taylor, S, Theureau, G, Tiburzi, C, Vallisneri, M, Van Der Wateren, E, Vecchio, A, Verbiest, J, Vigeland, S, Wahl, H, Wang, J, Wang, L, Witt, C, Zhang, S, Zhu, X, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), ANR-18-CE31-0015,PTA-France,Recherche d'ondes gravitationnelles avec un réseau de pulsars en France(2018), ITA, USA, GBR, FRA, DEU, AUS, CAN, GRC, NLD, CHN, RUS, CHE, and HUN

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Astrophysics and Astronomy, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, methods: Data analysi, pulsars: General, methods: data analysis, gravitational waves, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), gravitational wave, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

We searched for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array, a global collaboration synthesizing decadal-length pulsar-timing campaigns in North America, Europe, and Australia. In our reference search for a power law strain spectrum of the form $h_c = A(f/1\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1})^{\alpha}$, we found strong evidence for a spectrally-similar low-frequency stochastic process of amplitude $A = 3.8^{+6.3}_{-2.5}\times10^{-15}$ and spectral index $\alpha = -0.5 \pm 0.5$, where the uncertainties represent 95\% credible regions, using information from the auto- and cross-correlation terms between the pulsars in the array. For a spectral index of $\alpha = -2/3$, as expected from a population of inspiralling supermassive black hole binaries, the recovered amplitude is $A = 2.8^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\times10^{-15}$. Nonetheless, no significant evidence of the Hellings-Downs correlations that would indicate a gravitational-wave origin was found. We also analyzed the constituent data from the individual pulsar timing arrays in a consistent way, and clearly demonstrate that the combined international data set is more sensitive. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this combined data set produces comparable constraints to recent single-array data sets which have more data than the constituent parts of the combination. Future international data releases will deliver increased sensitivity to gravitational wave radiation, and significantly increase the detection probability., 17 pages, 12 figures, accepted in MNRAS

Published
2022

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