Search

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization (WHO) targeted China for measles elimination by 2012. Although China made significant progress transmission continues warranting examination of Chinas measles vaccination program. The World Health Organization recommends that children receive at least 2 doses of a measles containing vaccine (MCV) to ensure protection. In Tianjin China MCV is given in 3 doses: 8 months [measles vaccine (MV)] 18-24 months [measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)-1] and 5 years MMR-2). MMR-2 is important because of the young age for MV administration. This study describes MCV coverage assesses administration timeliness and evaluates completion of the MCV series for children living in Tianjin China. METHODS: In July 2012 immunization records were selected from Tianjins Immunization Information Management System. Records were abstracted for children born from 2004 to 2011 who were aged 8 months or older. Descriptive statistics characterized the study population and assessed timeliness and coverage for each MCV dose. RESULTS: We examined records of 205982 children living in Tianjin China. Among children who were age-appropriate for each vaccine 98.6% received MV 97.6% received MMR-1 and 76.9% received MMR-2. Of the children who were old enough to receive MMR-2 78.8% received the complete series and 71.6% were fully immunized for measles by age 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Tianjin has high rates of MV and MMR-1 coverage with lower levels for MMR-2. Most children who completed the series did so on time. Maintaining high coverage and timely administration of MV and MMR-1 and increasing coverage of MMR-2 are necessary for China to attain the goal of national measles elimination.

Early life stress has effects on behavior and stress reactivity which are linked to enhanced sensitivity to stimulants in rodents. The present study investigated whether rhesus monkeys that experienced early life stress would show altered sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of stimulants as compared to controls. Control (n=5) and maternally-separated (n=4) monkeys were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.1mg/kg/injection) under a second order schedule of i.v. drug delivery. The rate of acquisition and subsequent dose-effect determinations for cocaine (0.01-1.0 mg/kg/injection) and amphetamine (0.003-0.3 mg/kg/injection) provided complementary measures of reinforcing effectiveness. In addition, stimulant-induced increases in home cage activity and dopamine D2 receptor binding potential were quantified with positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging. Compared to controls, maternally-separated monkeys showed lower responding during the acquisition of self-administration and in the dose-response curves for both stimulants and significantly lower response rates during maintenance of cocaine self-administration. Maternally-separated monkeys also failed to exhibit stimulant–induced increases in motor activity. Groups did not differ in dopamine D2 receptor binding potential in the caudate nucleus or the putamen. Taken together the results of the present study do not provide support for early life stress leading to enhanced vulnerability to stimulant use in the nonhuman primate model employed.