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Machine learning (ML) revolves around the concept of using experience to teach computer-based programs to reliably perform specific tasks. Healthcare setting is an ideal environment for adaptation of ML applications given the multiple specific tasks that could be allocated to computer programs to perform. There have been several scoping reviews published in literature looking at the general acceptance and adaptability of surgical specialities to ML applications, but very few focusing on the application towards craniofacial surgery. This study aims to present a detailed scoping review regarding the use of ML applications in craniofacial surgery.

Congenital hemangiomas comprise a subset of vascular tumors with clinicopathologic features that are distinct from the more common infantile hemangioma. The authors present a patient with a large congenital hemangioma involving the forehead and brow which obstructed the visual axis and created significant risk for deprivational amblyopia. Management of the congenital hemangioma involved customized headgear to clear the visual axis and early vascular embolization of feeder vessels with the subsequent successful surgical resection at 23 days of life.A large amblyogenic congenital hemangioma required a multidisciplinary approach involving early vascular embolization of feeder vessels and subsequent surgical resection at 23 days of life.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Patients with ureteral tumors managed endoscopically often benefit from adjuvant immuno-chemotherapy and require interval upper tract surveillance with ureteroscopy. Howe...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The AUA Presidential address has been a tradition at the national meeting since 1902 when the first address was given by Ramon Guiteras. We sought to collect and archive ...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Rezūm is a minimally invasive treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) that uses injections of sterile water vapor directly into the prostate for ablation. Althou...

Cranial index is a widely used 2-dimensional measure of skull form. It has traditionally been calculated as a ratio of the maximal cranial width divided by the maximal skull length. Nevertheless, the points of maximal skull length change dramatically in sagittal craniosynostosis due to variable degrees of frontal and occipital bossing. Therefore, such anatomical changes influence the calculated cranial index. Method This is a retrospective comparative study of 2 methods of measuring cranial index; the traditional method that measures the skull length from glabella to opithcranion versus a modified method that measures the maximal skull length from the most anterior point of the frontal bossing to opithcranion. Cranial indices for 115 patients of radiologically and clinically diagnosed nonsyndromic sagittal craniosynostosis were calculated using both methods. Correlation and Agreements Limits were calculated for comparison between the 2 methods. Results Males constituted 74.8% (n = 86) of the total sample size with the remaining 29 participants identified as female. The mean age of the study participants was 4.8 months (range 8 days-12 months). The 2 methods were strongly correlated (r = 0.94). The Agreement Limits were calculated to be between 4.02% and 0.18%. Conclusion Typical anatomical changes such as variable degrees of frontal and occipital bossing influence the accuracy of cranial index measurement in sagittal craniosynostosis. Traditional method of cephalic index measurement could underestimate the severity of scaphocephaly.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Ureteroscopy for renal and ureteral stone disease is a low-risk procedure with minimal risks of serious complications, however, the rate of postoperative sepsis can be a...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:The AUA Presidential address has been an important feature of every AUA meeting since 1904. We wished to know how the addresses have changed over the century, their theme...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive adrenalectomy (laparoscopic and robot-assisted) may offer lower postoperative morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to analyze postoperative complications, readmission rates, and predictors of readmission in minimally invasive adrenalectomy (MIA) using a national outcomes database. METHODS: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (ACS-NSQIP) database was used to analyze patients who underwent MIA in 2011 and 2012. Perioperative variables and Clavien complications were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. P

Purpose Previous studies suggest that the refractive status of the peripheral retina may influence the progression of myopia. Our aim was to investigate peripheral refractions in human eyes with high myopia when corrected with a conventional soft spherical contact lens (CL). Methods Ten young adults with high myopia (over -6.00 D) were investigated. An open-field auto-refractor was used to measure on- and off-axis refractions in primary gaze, with and without a CL, every 5° out to 20° horizontally in nasal and temporal retina. Results were analyzed as mean sphere (M) and astigmatic (J(0) and J(45)) vector components. Partial coherence interferometry measures of eye size were also made on- and off-axis at 10 and 20° in nasal and temporal retina. Results Subjects (mean age, 22 years; range, 20 to 26 years) had an average on-axis spherical refractive error of -8.31 ± 2.10 D and an average on-axis eye length of 27.39 ± 1.18 mm. Mean sphere exhibited a significant shift from hyperopic relative peripheral refraction (RPR) in the uncorrected state to myopic RPR on correction, in both nasal and temporal retina. Mean RPR of all subjects across all eccentricities was hyperopic when uncorrected (M = +0.20 ± 0.49 D: mean ± 1 SEM) becoming myopic when corrected (M = -0.45 ± 0.56 D: p = 0.0003, reaching -1.21 ± 0.82 D at 20° in the temporal retina). Peripheral J(0) astigmatism also became significantly more negative on correction (p = 0.002), whereas J(45) astigmatism remained unchanged. On- and off-axis measures of eye length indicated a relatively prolate retinal contour. Uncorrected off-axis mean sphere refractive error reduced with eccentricity, and this was accurately predicted (R > 0.98) by the measured retinal contour. Conclusions Correcting the foveal refractive error in high myopia with standard spherical soft CLs can result in significant absolute myopic defocus in the peripheral retina. If peripheral refraction does indeed influence myopia progression, then our results suggest that in high myopia, standard soft CLs may be beneficial in reducing myopia progression.

Purpose: Abdominal wall adhesions at laparoscopy may predispose patients to access related injuries and increase the complexity of the procedure. We have observed concern from referring physicians regarding the safety of laparoscopy in patients who previously underwent surgery because of the risk of abdominal adhesions. To assess the risk of adhesions at laparoscopy a retrospective cohort study was performed.Materials and Methods: All patients who underwent a transperitoneal urological laparoscopic procedure in a 6-year period at our institution were included in this study. A chart review was performed to obtain demographic/surgical data and identify preoperative risk factors for adhesions, such as previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, radiation and/or intra-abdominal inflammatory disease. Operative videotapes were reviewed to determine the presence and location of adhesions. Standard statistical analyses were performed.Results: During the study period 127 patients underwent transperitoneal laparo...

To quantify the tear spreading velocity and stabilization time after blinks in healthy patients.Video recordings (magnification, x130) were made of the movements of naturally occurring particles in the tear film while patients blinked naturally. After each blink, tear spreading velocity was computed every 40 milliseconds from particle displacements determined from a frame-by-frame analysis of the records.After a blink, tears moved rapidly upward over the cornea. Forty milliseconds after passage of the lid, the velocity was 7.34 +/- 2.73 mm/s (mean +/- standard deviation, n = 20). The time to tear stabilization (i.e., zero velocity) was 1.05 +/- 0.30 seconds. The decay of spreading velocity with time was well described by a logarithmic function for all individual patient data (R2 range, 0.88-0.99; n = 20). We have shown that initial velocity and stabilization time are independent descriptors of tear spreading. Meibomian gland expression markedly reduced initial velocity leaving a normal stabilization time, whereas inhalation of an irritant reduced stabilization time leaving a normal initial velocity. In a patient with Sjögren syndrome, punctal plugs rapidly restored initial velocity and stabilization time from near zero values to normal values.We provide normal values for two descriptors of tear spreading, namely initial velocity and time to stabilization. These values can be modified by manipulations that alter tear constituents. Consequently, these descriptors may provide a basis for quantitative, noninvasive tear assessment.

Background Complications from hysteroscopy are infrequent. A case of peritonitis from sorbitol distending medium is presented. Case A woman with menorrhagia underwent an uneventful diagnostic hysteroscopy. She had immediate postoperative peritonitis. Laparoscopy was performed, which revealed a normal uterus without perforation. Peritoneal exudates showed no organisms and only white blood cells. The peritoneal cavity was lavaged, and the patient promptly recovered. The peritonitis was likely from the sorbitol, which was used as distending medium and diffused through the tubes and spilled into the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion Peritonitis can presumptively occur from sorbitol when it is used as a distending medium and should be considered on the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with abdominal pain immediately after hysteroscopy.

462 THE RELIABILITY OF URINE DIPSTICKS IN THE EVALUATION OF MICROSCOPIC HEMATURIA IN THE OFFICE-BASED UROLOGIC SETTING Jason H Lee*, John L Phillips, Majid Eshghi, Muhammad S Choudhury. Valhalla, NY. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The urine dipstick is a routinely used screening method for hematuria. Positive results usually elicit a quantitative microscopic urinalysis. No systematic reviews have correlated the categorical outcomes of increasing degrees of positive urine dipsticks with the quantitative amount of blood found on microscopic urinalysis. METHODS: Two clean-catch urine specimens were obtained