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Background: High blood pressure (BP), particularly in mid-life, increases the risk for late-life cognitive impairment and dementia (CID). The extent to which Blacks’ and Hispanics’ worse BP control starting in young adulthood contributes to their greater risk of CID compared to Whites is uncertain. Objective: To describe a pooled, multi-ethnic cohort created to determine the associations between BP levels over the life course and CID risk in Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites. Methods: We pooled individual-level data from 35,473 adults (22.6% Blacks, 8.1% Hispanics, 67.3% Whites, 2% Other) with baseline age ≥18 and cognitive assessments across 6 longitudinal cohorts in the United States from 1971 to 2016: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC), Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA), Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), Framingham Offspring Study (FOS), Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), and Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). We harmonized cognitive tests across studies into 3 factors representing global cognitive performance, executive function, and memory using statistically appropriate confirmatory factor analysis. Mean (SD) follow up was 17.1 (10.9) years. Results: The mean (SD) baseline age was 54.3 (16.4) years and 19554 (55.1%) participants were female (Table). There were 3193 (9.0%) first incident strokes (2651 ischemic, 348 hemorrhagic, and 117 other or undetermined type) and 15147 (42.7%) deaths. The Table presents mean BPs at the first and last visits by cohort and the pooled sample. From the initial to the last assessment, mean global cognition decreased over time (p Conclusion: This will be the first comprehensive, large investigation of the association of BP levels from young adulthood to late-life and CID risk in Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites.

Background: It is unclear whether blood pressure is associated with cognitive function after stroke. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of prospectively obtained data of 432 subjects (mean age, 66; 46% female) with stroke (92% ischemic; median NIH stroke score, 3 [IQR, 2-6]) aged 45 or older without dementia from the population-based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project in 2011-2013. We examined associations between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) and cognitive performance each measured 90 days after stroke. BP measured 3 times using standard protocol and averaged. Cognition was assessed using 4 tests: Modified Mini-Mental Status Examination (3MSE), animal fluency test, Trails A and B. Linear or tobit regression adjusted associations for age, education, and race/ethnicity as well as variables that were significantly associated with both BP and cognition. Results: Systolic BP was not significantly associated with cognitive performance (Model 1) unless diastolic BP was included in the model (Model 3)(Table). Both higher systolic BP and lower diastolic BP each were significantly associated with worse cognitive performance for all 4 tests (Model 3). Diastolic BP remained significantly associated with cognitive performance after adjusting for age, education, and race/ethnicity but systolic BP did not (Model 4). With further adjustment for clinical factors, diastolic BP did not remain independently associated with cognition (Model 5). Lower cognitive performance was significantly associated with older age, less education, Mexican American ethnicity, diabetes, higher stroke severity, more depressive symptoms, and lower BMI. Conclusion: Patients with higher systolic BP and lower diastolic BP are more likely to have worse cognitive performance after stroke but sociodemographic and clinical factors may explain these associations.

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)—measurable cognitive impairment that doesn't severely affect daily functioning—is common, affecting 1 in 5 adults 65 or older. Little is known about the quality of stroke care for patients with pre-existing MCI despite evidence in other diseases that these patients may be under-treated. Methods: Prospective study of 708 patients aged ≥65 hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke between 2000 and 2014 from the Health and Retirement Study with linked Medicare and American Hospital Association data. We compared receipt of process measures after acute ischemic stroke between patients with pre-existing MCI (based on modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status [TICS-m] score, 7-11, a valid measure of MCI) and normal cognition (TICS-m score, 12-27). We used Cox regression to estimate the effect of pre-existing MCI on receipt of process measures after adjusting for patient and hospital factors (Table 1). Results: Patients with pre-existing MCI, compared to those with normal cognition, were less likely to receive IV t-PA, carotid revascularization, cardiac monitoring, and rehabilitation assessment, but not carotid imaging (Table 1). Pre-existing MCI was not independently associated with stroke process measures after adjusting for patient and hospital factors such as sex, educational and marriage status, and facility size. Conclusion: Modest differences in use of IV t-PA, carotid revascularization, rehabilitation assessment, cardiac monitoring, and carotid imaging exist in patients with pre-existing MCI and normal cognition after acute ischemic stroke. These differences were largely explained by patients with MCI being more likely to be women, less educated, unmarried, and using smaller hospitals.

BACKGROUND: Falls are the leading cause of nonfatal unintentional injuries among hospitalized children with playground equipment accounting for more than 50%. National standards for playground rung and rail design exist, but there a lack of in vivo models available to test these standards. We developed a novel in vivo model to test rung and rail design. We report the feasibility and safety of the model. METHODS: A device was built to simulate children hanging onto a playground bar until their hand slips off. This was defined as breakaway strength. The handle unit was mounted on a vertical cable that was mechanically raised and lowered using a linear actuator controlled by the experimenter. The unit was padded and contained a video camera that recorded the posture of the hand during each trial. Breakaway force and torque were recorded as they held onto the handle by LabView software. In addition, standard anthropometrics and grip strength were recorded. RESULTS: Biomedical engineering approved the device. There were 425 eligible students aged 5 years to 11 years. Of these, 93% (397) participated (212 males and 185 females). Ninety-nine percent (396 of 397) completed all three experimental stations, one declined because of fear. There were no injuries and no falls. Average time to complete the study was 22 ± 0.5 minutes. Ninety-one percent of participants were right handed; the ethnicity was representative of the local area with 79% being white. Mean ± SD height, weight, and body mass index for the 397 participants were 1.28 ± 0.11 m, 28.0 ± 8.12 kg, and 16.31 ± 2.59 kg/m, respectively. Hand size, grip strength, and maximum breakaway force increased with age. CONCLUSION: This model is safe and feasible and maybe a viable method to assess rung and rail design for playgrounds. Language: en

Background and Objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and serious morbidity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), many of whom will not progress to dementia. It is unclear whether patients with pre-existing MCI (without dementia) get evidence-based treatments for CVD less often than patients without MCI. We compared treatment for acute ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between MCI patients and cognitively normal patients in a nationally representative sample. Methods: Prospective study of patients aged ≥65 years hospitalized with ischemic stroke (n=517) or AMI (n=509) from the Health and Retirement Study and Medicare data from 2000-2011. We compared receipt of CVD process measures (Table) within 12 months of the stroke or AMI hospitalization from Medicare claims between subjects with pre-existing MCI (modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status [TICS-m] score, 7-11, a valid measure of MCI) and those with normal cognition (TICS-m score, 12-27), and used logistic regression to adjust associations for age, sex, race, education, number of preexisting functional limitations, and comorbidity. Results: Compared with cognitively normal patients, patients with pre-existing MCI were significantly less likely to receive all 3 AMI process measures, and they got stroke process measures less frequently but results were not statistically significant (Table). MCI patients were less likely than cognitively normal patients to receive any post-MI revascularization (adjusted odds ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.33-0.88), but not the other CVD process measures, after adjustment (Table). Conclusion: Older MCI patients less frequently got process measures for AMI and ischemic stroke compared with cognitively normal patients. Patient factors explain some but not all of this reduced use. We need to better understand decision making for CVD treatment in older MCI patients and reasons for treatment differences.

Objective: Although stroke’s short-term cognitive effects are known, less is known about long-term cognitive changes after stroke. We determined changes in cognitive function among survivors of incident stroke, controlling for prestroke cognition. Methods: REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke participants aged 45-84 years were recruited from 2003-2007 and followed through March 2013. Cognitive function was assessed every 18-24 months with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease Word List Delayed Recall (WLD), a verbal memory test, and the Animal Fluency Test (AFT) of executive function. Adults with cognitive impairment (Six Item Screener Results: There were 10,665 adults with ≥1 follow-up WLD measure, of whom 190 had incident stroke, and 11,909 with ≥1 follow-up AFT measure, of whom 213 had incident stroke. Participants with incident stroke had acute decreases in WLD scores (adjusted decrease for incident stroke vs. no stroke, 1.58 points; 95% CI, 0.90-2.27 points) and AFT scores (adjusted decrease, 0.78 points; 95% CI, 0.23-1.33 points)(Figure). Following stroke, WLD scores improved over time (adjusted improvement, 0.24 points per year; 95% CI, 0.07-0.40; P for stroke*time interaction=0.005) but AFT scores did not change significantly (P for stroke*time interaction=0.91) compared with pre-stroke slopes. Conclusion: In this prospective population-based cohort, incident stroke was associated with significant new deficits in verbal memory and executive function and a new slope for verbal memory. These findings suggest that verbal memory recovers years after stroke, but executive function deficits persist.

Objective: Although dementia prevalence is higher in blacks than whites, it is unknown whether blacks’ elevated risk of dementia is due to racial differences in acute stroke, the impact of stroke on cognitive health, or other factors. We determined whether racial differences in cognitive function are explained by differences in the frequency or impact of incident stroke between blacks and whites, controlling for baseline cognition. Methods: The study population was a prospective cohort of 5,126 white or black adults aged ≥65 years responding to the Health and Retirement Study in 1998 and followed through 2006. Cognitive function was assessed at 2-year intervals with a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS-m). Acute strokes were identified using linked Medicare claims. Adults with cognitive impairment (TICS-m Results: There were 5,126 adults with ≥1 follow-up TICS-m measure, of whom 490 had acute stroke (466 whites and 24 blacks; P=0.39). Blacks had lower adjusted TICS-m scores than whites (mean difference, -1.41 points; 95% CI, -1.67 to -1.16 points; P Conclusions: In this nationally representative cohort of older adults, acute stroke did not explain black-white differences in cognition or impact cognition differently by race.