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Abstract In 2000, the International Standards Organisation (ISO) approved the development of an International Standard for Arctic Offshore Structures. Canada, having active committees in place for such an activity, took the initiative to propose and coordinate the new work item to ISO. In response to the Canadian initiative, in 2002 the ISO Technical Committee 67 (TC67), Sub-Committee 7 (SC7 - Offshore Structures) approved the development of a new standardentitled " Petroleum and natural gas industries - Arctic offshore structures??. In addition, the developers of the new standard were tasked with the secondary objective to harmonise existing international offshore codes and standards related to Arctic structures. SC7 established Working Group 8 (WG8) in response to this approval and WG8 held its first meeting in July 2002, in Toronto, Canada. All countries with regions in ice covered waters, or with an interest in these regions, were requested to provide country representatives and technical experts to staff both WG8 and the Technical Panels formed by WG8 to actually prepare the document. The technical work was initiated in 2003 and the completed document, ISO 19906 Arctic Offshore Structures, is scheduled to be approved by the ISO member countries in late 2010. The approved Standard specifies requirements and provides recommendations and guidance for the design, construction, transportation, installation, and removal of offshore structures, related to petroleum and natural gas activities in arctic and cold regions. The objective of the document is to ensure that offshore structures in arctic and cold regions provide an appropriate level of reliability with respect to personnel safety and environmental protection to the owner and to society in general. While the document does not apply specifically to mobile offshore drilling units, the procedures relating to ice actions and ice management contained herein are applicable to the assessment of such units. This paper provides a brief history of the document preparation as it relates to country and industry involvement, development of technical input, editing and review processes undertaken and acceptance of the document by ISO and its participating members. Background and incentive By 2000, several factors emerged that together provided the incentive for the development of a new and global standard for arctic offshore structures. The formation of an international working group was proposed to develop an International Standard which would harmonise existing regional and national codes and standards and also update the provisions to include the latest agreed knowledge and technologies. Countries participating in WG8 agreed to view the new ISO Standard as a replacement for their existing codes and standards.

Abstract This paper describes the results of a calibration of partial action factors in the new ISO 19906 Arctic Offshore Structures Standard. The work was scoped and directed by a panel of world experts in offshore Arctic engineering, constituted as ISO Technical Panel TP10 "Case studies and calibration". The calibration focuses on environmental action factors both for principal actions and for various environmental companion actions. The calibration is essentially a weighted risk-based optimization which targets three risk or exposure levels L1, L2 and L3 and which considers two limit states (ULS and ALS) as well as two basic sets of design check equations: a set I based on ISO 19902:2007 and a set II based on earlier suggestions in ISO/DIS 19906 and CAN/CSA-S471–04. It accounts for weighted combinations of all action effects in various proportions, for different resistance models, for different levels of action effect model uncertainties, for different levels of uncertainty, and for different mean action event occurrence rates. Weights used in the optimization were validated by the ISO panel TP10. Ice actions are regionalized on the basis of uncertainty characterization of extreme action effects (tails and extreme values). This is done with respect to both geographical region and type of structure. Regions with different ice action magnitudes can be considered together if their probabilistic description is similar. Four different calibration scenarios were considered for ice actions: a calibration of separate principal ice action factors for each combination of region and type of structure, a calibration of region-wide ice action factors, a calibration of one overall principal ice action factor, and the inclusion of ice actions in the larger group of all environmental actions. All four scenarios lead to reasonable action factors that are consistent with ice type and structure type. The multitude of environmental/ice companion factors in various environmental action combinations is reduced to just 4 companion action factors each of which is subsequently calibrated. Introduction The DIS version of ISO 19906 published early in 2009 contained normative clauses with respect to reliability, risk and consequences, but it did not provide definitive partial action factors for its limit states design framework. Accordingly, during 2009 a calibration was performed of the environmental action factors for exposure level L1 in order to ensure that the specified target reliability for each ULS and ALS action combination was achieved for circumstances that could reasonably be foreseen. A secondary objective was to also recommend calibrated environmental action factors for L2 and L3. A detailed report was published about the calibration in October 2009 (Maes, 2009). The present paper provides an overview of the analysis and the results of the calibration study. In addition to the above objectives, the report also provides detailed guidance on a recommended calibration method should the user of ISO 19906 wish to perform a site-specific or structure-specific calibration using a fully probabilistic approach. This objective is in itself quite important as ISO 19906 permits such an approach when the potential economic benefits of performing a site-specific calibration are likely to be considerable for large arctic offshore installations.

ABSTRACT This paper outlines some of the relationships and communication methods for sharing information on the standardisation work of lSO/TC 67 "Materials, Equipment and Offshore Structures for Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries". The paper also describes the development and distribution by lSO/TC 67/AG 3 of a Database of Committees, Standards and Delegates that is now freely availablethrough the API and national standards bodies. INTRODUCTION ISO has been regarded as a remote group, who develop standards haphazardly and very slowly with few gaining real international acceptance. Indeed, the view still abounds that 'ISO' means the ISO 9000 series of Quality Management System standards and no more. It is becoming well known, however, that ISO is working ever more closely with the API to take the lead in maintaining key international standards for the oil and gas industry globally. ISO works in this area not only because the industry wishes it, but also because the industry provides the technical resources that enable it to do so. The resources must be managed to maximize effectiveness and secure delivery of the standards. This information must be shared widely to be sure that all interested parties are contributing, and so that the resulting standards can be promoted for international use with confidence that benefik will accrue. The ISO process has been well covered in papers previously presented at OTC. The most recent review of the work in lSO/TC 67 was given by Reeve, Johansen and Lautier in their 1994 OTC paper (Ref. 1). An industry update, on behalf of the E&P Forum, is given in another 1995 OTC paper by Thorp et al. (Ref. 2) and this emphasisesthe need to improve and accelerate the processes in order to meet industry needs. ISO/TC 67 has seventeen standards published (at end 1994) and has some one hundred work items on the work programme. This work programme will expand in 1995 as more new work items are introduced. This information isbeing communicated in a variety of ways: formally, through the established hierarchy of standardising bodies; informally by papers such as this one; by training workshops;and by industry and company initiatives for standard presentations and Newsletters. ISO/TC 67 has an Advisory Group, AG3, whose work includes maintaining information in the form of an electronic database for Committees, Standards and Delegates. This database was first issued in 1994, and forms the principle management information tool for ISO/TC 67 to plan and coordinate the work. This paper describes the AG3 Database in some detail. The overall goal of the communication initiatives is to encourage the widest participation in lSO/TC 67 and the associated work. It is intended that duplication of work at regional, national and company level is avoided, and that the industry world-wide can agree a "single set of words" for adoption at all levels. Successful promotion of thissolution to practicing engineers will deliver benefits including whole life cost reduction and operations integrity; safety and environmental protection as well as equipment reliability.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A single global market for procurement is of crucial importance to the E&P industry. The resulting benefits, including cost reductions and shelter delivery times, could even be the key to the economic development of marginal fields. International Standards that cater for the needs of users, manufacturers and the public at large can provide a common basis for companies to procure and provide goods and services that will deliver the required performance throughout the field life. The savings to industry could be billions of dollars per year. The Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum (E&P Forum) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) acted as the catalyst for the re-formation of ISO TCG7 "Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries". The initial work was on the development of "fast track" ISO standards based on the widely accepted and used API standards. In the five years of conceited effort by the E&P industry 17 fast track standards have been published and a further 10 ISO standards have reached or passed the balloting stage and are about to be published. This process has also resulted in the development of a management procedure for the selection, processing and maintenance of standards for the E&P industry. The E&P Forum, on behalf of the industry, has developed proposals to increase the efficiency of this managerial procedure and to speed up the "internationalization" of selected standl.1rds. Details are given at the end of the paper. It is argued that the E&P industry should rally to the cause of international standardization. Companies should lend their full Support by committing their valuable expel resources. It is in the interests of the industry to do this for, without suitably skilled expel representation in ISO and the elimination of duplication as well as waste of resources through perfom1ing similar workat company or national level, the large potential benefits of international standardization will elude the E&P industry. The overall thrust may be neatly summarized by the adage:do it oncedo it rightdo it globally INTRODUCTION The E&P Forum has taken a leading role in encouraging and facilitating the internationalization of oil and gas industries standards in the area of upstream exploration and production. The need for standards became evidet1t to the expanding industry in the early 1920's. In the United States, the manufacturing industry began supplying oil field equipment not only for local developments but across the continent. The requirement for equipment to be safe and compatible was essential for obvious reasons. The need to be fit for purpose followed swiftly as production facilities became more sophisticated and fields with higher and higher pressures were developed. The American Petroleum Institute was formed, and in 1923 adopted the remit to provide the industry with standards for manufacturers equipment for use throughout the USA. At the same time, oil field development was expanding rapidly in other parts of the world, driven largely by American based companies who, naturally enough, purchased equipment from home sources according to API standards.

ABSTRACT This paper is about the application of API RP2A-LRFD (Draft) in the North Sea. The preliminary design of a fried steel platform for BP's Andrew Field development had been performed to the 18th Edition of API RP2A. The platform was redesigned using LRFD, but using partial load factors applicable to North Sea conditions. The effect on total structure weight and the differing effect on various categories of structural element are summarised. This paper also discusses the different partial load factors applicable to gravity loads when improved accuracy of weight control is effected, and applicable to environmental load when 50-yearor 100-year return period extreme environmental criteria are used in the North Sea. To conclude, this paper makes the connection between the work reported here and the international effort to develop an ISO Standard for offshore structures, in which partial factors appropriate to regional conditions will feature. INTRODUCTION API RP2A is the primary worldwide design practice used for offshore structural design. Its use in Europe is supplemented by additional local regulatory requirements and performance criteria but the designmethodology, basic code checking equation sand safety levels for ultimate strength are primarily related to API RP2A. The Working Stress Design version of API RP2A is Soon approaching its Twentieth Edition. However 1992 is expected to see the publication of the Load and Resistance Factor Design version as an AP1-approved alternative. Inherent in the design methodology of API RP2A-WSD are the safety levels developed for US waters. The WSD methodology has been successfully applied largely without change within Europe and worldwide. But with the introduction of the LRFD methodology it has become possible to rationally account for the variance between US regional conditions and other localities. Partial factors are used to account explicitly for the variance of criteria, and can therefore be calibrated to provide more consistent safety levels. This paper describes the work undertaken to derive partial factors for use of API RP2A-LRFD in European waters and to quantify the economic impact ofintroducing the LRFD format. Sets of partial load factors that can be recommended as a basis for design in the North Sea with API RP2A-LRFD First Edition are presented. This paper does not discuss the very important but less quantifiable concepts of structural redundancy and the ability to redistribute loads from non-performing structural elements. These aspects assume increasing importance as element design is further refined. There results of this work will form a significant contribution to the work currently in progress to develop an International Standard for Offshore Structures which, for filed steel platforms, will be based on a development of API RP2A-LRFD. API RP2A-LRFQ In 1989, API published for public comment the Draft First Edition of API RP2A-LRFD (l). This was based onthe Eighteenth Edition of API RP2A but in place of the Working Stress Design method included a different design method (Load and Resistance Factor Design) for evaluating component strengths and the effect of platform loads.

ABSTRACT The paper describes the international work of the oil Industry to formalise as International Standards many of the industry standards used world-wide. It also describes how matters have been developing in Europe. E&P Forum, representing the international exploration and production oil and gas industry, provides a forum for coordinating industry standardisation, to ensure that the necessary standards are maintained by the appropriate technical body. The paper discusses the development of the standardization programrne in lSO/TC67, the Technical Committee directing the transformation of some 70APl Standards into ISO Standards. The relationship to CEN (the European standardisation body) and to the European Directives (legislation) is presented and its effect is discussed. The objective of the upstream industry is to operate world-wide to consistent international standards. Company standards can then Concentration functional and performance requirements. This will facilitate international trade and communication, open competition and the global market. For a practical realisation of this objective the oil industry must foster a special relationship between the relevant US bodies, ISO and CEN. The sustained support of all sides of industry is required. INTRODUCTION The Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum (E&P Forum) is an international Industry association based in London. Its membership is constituted from international and national oil and gas companies and national industry associations. The currentmembershipis52from 18different countries and its members operate in over 50 countries. The petroleum and natural gas exploration and production(upstream) industry uses a great number of standards developed by a range of organisations including national, regional and international standardisation bodies and industry associations. In many areas, American national standards and in particular API, ASME, ASTM, NACE and NFPA Standards provide the upstream industry with standards that support activities world-wide. But with the development over the past two decades of a significant upstream industry outside the United States in countries already industrially developed, there has been a need to supplement the American standard with national, local industry or company standards. The upstream industry therefore has a need for recognised International Standards particularly where the APl or other 'imported' standard requires significant qualification to the technical content, or where regional or local standards developed for other industries may be wrongly applied to the upstream industry. The upstream industry has therefore activated a programme in ISO, to achieve international standards of the quality required i.e. 'fit for purpose'. This activity is centred on ISO Technical Committee 67 (lSO/TC 67): 'Materials, Equipment and Offshore Structures for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries'. The need for good international standards has been furthered by the imminent creation of the European Single Market. On 1et January 1993 all trade restrictions will be abolished within the 19-nation European Economic Area (EEA). One of the European Community Directives to be implemented on that date requires open procurement for the upstream industry with company's technical specifications based on European Standards (where they exist) or on other commonly accepted standards. Consequently there is a need to identify or develop standards that can be used in Europe.