Isoenzyme analysis of Chilean and Paraguayan stocks of #Trypanosoma cruzi$, the agent of Chagas' disease, was performed at 19 variable genetic loci. The results were interpreted in terms of evolutionary and population genetics. As previously shown for this parasite in other geographic areas, a basically clonal population structure was evidended, by both strong departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations and high linkage disequilibrium. The isoenzyme variants of #Trypanosama cruzi$ (or zymodemes) behave as natural clones, stable in space and time, and should be considered as the relevant taxonomic unit for medical studies. Two main clusters of clones were evidenced, separated by high genetic distances. Comparison between clonal populations in sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles of the disease in Chile strongly suggested that these two cycles are at least partly separated from one another. For comparison purposes with the isoenzyme results, two molecular techniques were performed, namely DNA-probe analysis of the kinetoplast DNA (an extranuclear genome) and Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR). The results of these two methods corroborated the isoenzyme data, and AP-PCR appeared as a new and promising tool for #Trypanosoma cruzi$ strain identification. (Résumé d'auteur)