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This paper introduces a simple method for the measurement of the relative permittivity and the Pockels coefficient of electro-optic (EO) materials in a waveguide up to sub-THz frequencies. By miniaturizing the device and making use of plasmonics, the complexities of traditional methods are mitigated. This work elaborates the fabrication tolerance and simplicity of the method, and highlights its applicability to various materials, substrates and configurations. The method is showcased using drop-casted perovskite barium titanate (BaTiO3, BTO) nano-particle thin-films and it has previously been used to measure epitaxial thin film BTO. In this work we show the effective relative permittivity of drop casted BTO to be ε eff ∼ 30 at 200 MHz, dropping to ∼ 18 at 67 GHz and similarly, the effective Pockels coefficient was found to be r eff ∼ 16 at 350 MHz and ∼ 8 at 70 GHz. These values are a factor > 50 below the values found for thin film BTO. Yet, the fact that the method can be applied to such different samples and Pockels strengths gives testimony to its versatility and sensitivity.

We demonstrate all-metallic grating couplers that enable vertical, compact and broadband fiber-coupling. The grating couplers are based on a metal layer and directly convert a vertical fiber mode into surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). In combination with a focusing arrangement, the grating couplers require only a small footprint of 13.5 × 12 µm 2 . We characterize the grating couplers with both periodic and apodized gratings and experimentally show a 1-dB bandwidth of 115 nm with a coupling efficiency of 2.9 dB.

A new plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator is demonstrated at a bit rate of 120 Gb/s NRZ-OOK with low peak-to-peak driving voltages of 178 mV pp below the HD-FEC limit. Such record low driving voltage requirements potentially translate into an electrical drive power consumption of 862 aJ/bit. The low drive voltages have been made possible by a new differential Mach-Zehnder modulator electrode design. The differential electrode design is optimized for the balanced driving circuitry and reduces the effectively required driving voltage by a factor of four (V π /4). The potential of the transmitter scheme is further demonstrated by a transmission experiment over 500 m of single mode fiber at the C-band with a BER performance below the KP4 FEC limit.

We demonstrate a low-loss coupling scheme between a silicon photonic waveguide and a hybrid-plasmonic waveguide. Measured coupling efficiencies reach up to 94% or -0.27 dB. The metal-insulator-semiconductor structure is fabrication-tolerant and adaptable to a wide range of materials including those used in CMOS processes. The coupler is a promising building block for low-loss active plasmonic devices.

The performance of highly nonlinear organic electro-optic (EO) materials incorporated into nanoscale slots is examined. It is shown that EO coefficients as large as 190 pm/V can be obtained in 150 nm wide plasmonic slot waveguides but that the coefficients decrease for narrower slots. Possible mechanism that lead to such a decrease are discussed. Monte-Carlo computer simulations are performed, confirming that chromophore-surface interactions are one important factor influencing the EO coefficient in narrow plasmonic slots. These highly nonlinear materials are of particular interest for applications in optical modulators. However, in modulators the key parameters are the voltage-length product U π L and the insertion loss rather than the linear EO coefficients. We show record-low voltage-length products of 70 Vµm and 50 Vµm for slot widths in the order of 50 nm for the materials JRD1 and DLD164, respectively. This is because the nonlinear interaction is enhanced in narrow slot and thereby compensates for the reduced EO coefficient. Likewise, it is found that lowest insertion losses are observed for slot widths in the range 60 to 100 nm.

A distributed feedback Bragg grating waveguide all-optical switch design relying on the ultrafast cross modulation effect of the intersubband transitions in InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb coupled double quantum wells is demonstrated. The pump-induced phase modulation to the signal light is converted to intensity modulation efficiently on chip with the help of the grating structures. To our best knowledge, the switching dynamic characteristics of such design are reported for the first time. With a 400 μm long grating waveguide, 3 dB modulation depth with switching energy of 5.5 pJ and recovery time of 4.5 ps is obtained for the switch-off operation., (© 2011 Optical Society of America)

We investigate manufacturable substrate-type photonic crystal waveguides relying on honeycomb lattice geometry, which shows large photonic bandgaps for TM-polarized light. To the best of our knowledge, air-hole-based photonic crystal slab waveguides with photonic bandgaps for TM-polarized light are experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The results are analyzed with numerical simulations based on the plane-wave expansion and the finite-difference time-domain method. The transmission spectra are measured, and a minimal propagation loss of 1600 dB/cm of TM modes at lambda=1520 nm for lattice constant a=590 nm is acquired with the cut-back method.