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Perceptual decision making is an action to choose an option among a list of available choices, typically from two choices over a short time period (e.g. recognising if a traffic light is red or green during driving). Computational, neural, cognitive and behavioural theories have merged to describe that this dynamic behaviour of perceptual decision making is a consequence of competitions between accumulating sensory evidence of available stimuli (e.g. gradually recognising that a traffic light is red because perceptual information of red light reaches a decisional threshold earlier than that of green light) [for a review, see 1-4]. Similar processes have been described by those theories in a voluntary condition where one is given a full control to decide to choose one stimulus over a list of available options (or even given a choice to choose none), competing between accumulating voluntary decisions within one's mind, which is referred to as an intentional (and also referred to as a voluntary) decision making [e.g. 5-7]. In our first study, we used the perceptual decision making task of the Serial Reaction Time Task or SRTT with an involuntary (i.e. choosing a highlighted cue while avoiding three other unhighlighted cues) and a voluntary or freely-selectable (i.e. choosing one cue among all of four highlighted cues) conditions. This study demonstrated that the voluntary condition showed larger RT improvement on tapping a keyboard key spatially corresponding to a visual cue presented on a computer screen after a series of the tapping training than in the involuntary condition. This indicates that cognitive processes of choosing a choice through one’s mind alone leads to faster learning in such perceptual decision making task than inducing an action through perceiving a highlighted cue that guides which key to choose. Based on the initial finding, our second study reduced a number of free choices from fully selectable four options to two freely available and two inhibiting options in the voluntary condition. In this new study setting, participants’ reaction time became slower at the beginning of training, but the voluntary condition still showed larger RT improvement across repetitions of training than in the involuntary condition. In addition to that, we set one of the two freely selectable choices following a same sequential pattern as the fixed sequence pattern in the involuntary condition. This design increased a likelihood of choosing the free choice more frequently and speeded up participants’ reaction time faster than the other free choice. This suggests that trained or familiar sequential pattern leads to a preferred or biased choice within such intentional decision making task, and participants’ reaction speed might be boosted by skipping the additional decision making processes of inhibiting an action to certain choices and directly moving into the decision processes of choosing a choice underlying the trained sequential pattern in the involuntary condition. The finding in the second study raises a new question: how important are the trained sequential pattern (i.e. trained sequential pattern in the involuntary or fully fixed sequential condition) and participants’ intentional choices (i.e. choices among free choices in the voluntary condition) in this dynamic decision making task? Specifically, which factor produces a stronger effect on the dynamic decision making task? Do those effects interact each other (e.g. effects are additive or competitive)? Do those effects link to and predict subsequent decision making patterns? If so, which factor leads to a better link and prediction? Is the link/prediction better when combined, or separated? Here, our third study aims to examine these questions, by assigning the two free choice - two inhibiting choice setting to all trials. In this new study design, the fully fixed sequential condition (i.e. previously classified as an involuntary condition) follows a fixed sequential pattern with a pair of two freely selectable choices so that participants will learn a fixed sequential pattern of pairs, but they also need to make a further intentional decision between the two choices. We will test if the trained pattern of pairs of two free choices or participants’ intentional choices between the pair lead to a better performance (e.g. faster RTs or accuracy) individually or their effects are interactive. Also, we will examine if these effects link to and predict subsequent decision making patterns.

The goal of this study is to assess to what extent loneliness is associated with self-harm thoughts in the next 90-minute time interval and to what extent the change in loneliness within a 90-minute time interval is moderated by self-harm behaviours within that same or a previous 90-minute time interval, all measured during daily life via the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). Additionally, we will investigate whether paternal and maternal relationship quality measured at baseline are associated with loneliness measured during daily life and whether relationship quality (paternal and maternal) measured at baseline moderates the moment-to-moment associations between loneliness and self-harm thoughts and behaviours during daily life via ESM. For this, we will use pre-existing data from Wave I (2018-2019) of the SIGMA study which is a large-scale ESM cohort study in Flanders (Belgium). Relationship quality was measured via a baseline questionnaire (i.e. the Inventory for Parent and Peer Attachment; Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) as part of a larger battery of questionnaires. Loneliness and self-harm thoughts and behaviours were assessed during a six-day ESM period as part of a larger momentary ESM questionnaire (see Appendix). Depending on the hypothesis, there will be controlled for age and gender which are assessed via questionnaires at baseline during Wave I, and for being in company and previous levels of loneliness which are measured via ESM in daily life.

People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are often judged as less engaging, less likeable, and more awkward based on nonverbal behavior alone (Grossman, 2015; Marchena & Eigsti, 2010). Such first impressions can have a significant negative impact on social development and functional outcome for individuals with ASD. Recent studies have also found that individuals with ASD do not achieve the same level of nonverbal coordination in their interactions as typically-developed (TD) individuals (Georgescu et al., 2020; Wadge et al., 2019). This study investigates whether impression formation by TD participants differs between ASD and TD individuals and is influenced by non-verbal interpersonal synchrony.

Sensory Processing Sensitivity (SPS) can be broadly defined as “inter-individual differences in trait sensitivity to experiences” (Greven et al., 2019, s. 287). Individuals with high level of this trait (HSPs) tend to overreact to various stimuli (Aron et al., 2012). HSPs are also characterized by behavioral inhibition, higher emotional reactivity (Aron et al., 2012) and higher speed of processing of visual cues (Gerstenberg, 2012). Although there might be many reasons explaining relationship between SPS and faster processing of visual scenes, one of the reasons might rest on the higher speed of neural transmition. In more detail, it is possible that higher speed of processing in high SPS individuals can be partially explained by more effective neural transmition in optic nerve, and processing in occipital areas. For this reason, we have decided explore differences between low and high SPS individuals in their speed of processing of visual stimuli.

This meta-analysis aims at evaluating the use of serious games on mental health improvement.

There is growing interest in smartphone apps as a means of increasing the reach of interventions for poor sleep. To date, most evaluations of sleep interventions delivered via mental health apps (MHapps) have focused on formal treatment programs designed for clinical populations and specific disorders, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for insomnia. Yet, there has been a dramatic increase in the demand, availability, and media coverage of standalone, audio-based tools designed for ad-hoc use by the general public before and during sleeping hours. Despite the popularity of such tools (including amongst individuals with disrupted sleep), there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding their efficacy. The current study will aim to assess the feasibility of conducting a future definitive RCT to evaluate the efficacy of two categories of standalone, audio-based sleep exercises (referred to collectively as ‘Sleep Tools’ here) featured on Unmind -- a digital mental health platform for working adults. The two categories will include 1) Nightwaves (NW; ambient music and nature sounds), and 2) Sleep Tales (ST; narrated stories), both of which are designed to facilitate improved sleep. The study will recruit working adults who meet predefined criteria for poor sleep, and will be a multi-arm, parallel-group, external pilot RCT with assessments at pre- (t0) and post-intervention (t1). Participants will be randomised to one of two Sleep Tools interventions featured on the Unmind platform (NW or ST), or to a wait-list (WL) control group, for a period of 4 weeks. The primary aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of the research methods and interventions, in preparation for a definitive RCT. A secondary aim is to assess the preliminary efficacy of each intervention arm via self-reported outcome measures of sleep disturbance, sleep-related impairment, workplace productivity, core symptoms of depression and anxiety, and overall mental wellbeing, captured at t0 and t1. The study will incorporate a secondary trial designed to report on acceptability and usability of the Unmind Sleep Tools under more pragmatic, naturalistic study conditions.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has become a health problem that generates significant costs in the years of a person's productive life. Current rehabilitation approaches after ACL surgery are focused on achieving full range of motion, increasing quadriceps strength to achieve functional gait at an early stage. However, there is no "gold standard" in the type and dose of therapeutic exercises in this type of patients, considering the current evidence that demonstrates changes in the functional and structural reorganization of the central nervous system, which causes low excitability of the motor and corticospinal cortex, and decreased muscle activation of the quadriceps, which produce less muscle strength, dysfunctional movement patterns, and increased risk of re-tear up to 2 years after the injury. Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety of the addition of a cross-education program with visual biofeedback, mirror therapy and virtual reality compared to standard treatment in patients with anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Material and Methods: Fifty patients under surgery of anterior cruciate ligament tear independent of surgery will be selected, referred to the physical medicine and rehabilitation service, who will undergo a cross-education training program with visual biofeedback, mirror therapy and virtual reality in addition to standard treatment in the first six weeks. Three evaluations will be performed, one at the beginning of the study, the next after six weeks of treatment and at 6 months of treatment. The range of motion with goniometry, pain with the visual analogue scale (VAS), fear of movement with the Tampa Scale Kinesiophobia (TSK), quadriceps circumference with a tape measure, and knee functionality with the KOOS (Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) score will be assessed as dependent variables. Expected results: It is expected that after six weeks of treatment of the addition of the cross-education training program with visual biofeedback, mirror therapy and virtual reality in operative patients of the anterior cruciate ligament, they will have full extension range of motion, with a effect size of 0.8. At 6 months of treatment, the addition of a cross-education training program with visual biofeedback, mirror therapy and virtual reality in post-Anterior Cruciate Ligament surgery patients is expected to improve all other clinical variables compared to the standard treatment group. Finally, it is expected that, 12 months after starting treatment, the group treated with cross-education with visual biofeedback, mirror therapy and virtual reality will present a lower rate of re-tear than the group with standard treatment.

Medical professionals and biomedical scientists (whom we will refer to as “perceived experts”) are often identified as trusted sources of medical information who may be especially effective at persuading people to get vaccinated. However, the prevalence and influence of perceived experts acting in the opposite role as disseminators of false and misleading claims about health is poorly characterized. Here, we test the relative influence of perceived experts in a Twitter community that spreads anti-vaccine misinformation. We also test whether any boost in influence associated with perceived expertise is greater within the anti-vaccine community compared to the pro-vaccine community.

This project will examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations among parent-reported irritability, parent-reported ADHD symptoms, and a behavioral measure of inhibitory control in adolescents enrolled in The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (ABCD Study®).

Günümüzde teknolojik gelişmeleri takiben bilgi birikiminin artması sayesinde sosyal medya ve internet aracılığıyla egzersiz ve spor bilimi alanında üretilen bilgilere kolayca erişim sağlanabilmektedir. Ancak araştırmacılar bu gelişmelerin olumsuz yönlerinin de bulunduğunu belirtmekte olup, sosyal medya ve internet üzerinde pek çok taraflı veya yanlış bilgiye ulaşılabildiğini ifade etmektedir (Meel & Vishwakarma, 2020). Bu durum geçerli ve güvenilir bilgiye ulaşmayı amaçlayan araştırmacılar için bir sınırlılık oluştururken, bilimsel kanıt piramidinin önemini ortaya koymaktadır (Murad vd., 2016). Bilimsel kanıt piramidinde en düşük güvenirliğe ve geçerliğe sahip bilimsel bilgilerin vaka raporları veya uzman görüşlerinde bulunduğunu ifade eden araştırmacılar, günümüzde en yüksek güvenirliğe ve geçerliğe sahip bilimsel bilgilerin ise sistematik derleme ve meta analiz çalışmalarında var olduğunu belirtmektedir (Murad vd., 2016). Farklı bilim alanlarında olduğu gibi egzersiz ve spor bilimi alanında da sistematik derleme çalışmalarına olan ilgi hızla artmakta ve araştırmacılar yüksek güvenirliğe ve geçerliğe sahip bilimsel bilgiyi üretmek için sistematik derleme çalışmalarına yönelmektedir (Juhl & Lund, 2018). Sistematik derleme çalışmalarında çeşitli kriterlere bağlı olarak bir konu üzerine gerçekleştirilen bireysel çalışmalar araştırılır ve bu çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgular rapor edilir. Bu nedenle bir sistematik incelemeye dahil edilen bireysel çalışmaların kalitesi, derlemenin genel kalitesi ve geçerliliği üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olabilir (Acosta vd., 2020). Araştırmacılar sistematik derlemelerin güvenirliğini ve geçerliğini artırmak amacı ile farklı bilim alanları için birçok metodolojik kalite değerlendirme aracı geliştirmiştir (Acosta vd., 2020). Geliştirilen bu metodolojik kalite değerlendirme araçları bireysel çalışmaların raporlama kalitesini değerlendirmek için kullanılmaktadır. Egzersiz ve spor bilimi alanı ile ilgili yapılan sistematik derlemelerde çalışmaların metodolojik kalitesini değerlendirmek için Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) ölçeği sıklıkla tercih edilirken, araştırmacılar bazı kısıtlamalar nedeniyle PEDro ölçeğinde bulunan kalite kriterlerinin egzersiz ve spor bilimi alanını yansıtmadığını ifade etmiştir (Smart vd., 2015). Bu nedenle araştırmacılar egzersiz ve spor bilimi alanına özgü bireysel çalışmaların metodolojik kalitesini değerlendirmek için Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in Exercise (TESTEX) ölçeğini geliştirmişlerdir (Smart vd., 2015). Meel, P., & Vishwakarma, D. K. (2020). Fake news, rumor, information pollution in social media and web: A contemporary survey of state-of-the-arts, challenges and opportunities. Expert Systems with Applications, 153, 112986. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESWA.2019.112986 Acosta, S., Garza, T., Hsu, H. Y., & Goodson, P. (2020). Assessing quality in systematic literature reviews: A study of novice rater training. SAGE Open, 10(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020939530 Juhl, C. B., & Lund, H. (2018). Do we really need another systematic review? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(22), 1408–1409. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2018-099832 Murad, M. H., Asi, N., Alsawas, M., & Alahdab, F. (2016). New evidence pyramid. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, 21(4), 125–127. https://doi.org/10.1136/EBMED-2016-110401

The INFORM project is carried out as a mixed-methods study with both qualitative and quantitative methods, using moderated focus groups and guided individual interviews as well as a standardized online-survey. First, profession-specific online-discussions are carried out with staff working clinically in medical rehabilitation to determine their specific needs in terms of rehabilitation-related skills which are required but may not have been adequately learned during qualification (work package 1). This is followed by focus groups within the interprofessional rehabilitation teams at the rehabilitation facilities to evaluate their common needs regarding interprofessional cooperation as well as implications for joint training offers in medical rehabilitation (work package 2). In order to determine the view of the clinical/administrative management on further training needs of the rehabilitation team or each of the profession-groups, guided individual interviews are conducted with the management (work package 3). Finally, the project will be finished with an anonymous online-survey in which the qualitative results from the focus groups and interviews are to be quantified and verified using a questionnaire which will be distributed among staff from the various health professions in medical rehabilitation (work package 4).

This scoping review aims to synthesise the evidence on the associations between place-based risk factors and multimorbidity.

This meta-analysis aims to synthesize the literature by examining the moderating effects of national religiosity and culture on the association between religious coping and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic

Relationships between health care professionals (HCPs) and the patients they care for are often close, even long lasting. But in the event of death, which is, due to high mortality rates in the field of oncology, an inherent part of HCPs everyday working-life, the protocol is less clear. Grief, in the perception of the public eye, still seems to be private. Knowledge about ‘professional grief’ in the field of oncology is still limited. A scoping review will be conducted to identify key concepts, research gaps and origin and types of available evidence concerning frequency and extent of professional grief and health care professionals’ coping with patient death in oncology settings. The goal is to explore important concepts and research gaps relating to professional grief in oncology and deduct research questions to be addressed in following studies to further aid the exploration of this scientific field.

Digital health interventions have the potential to address barriers to care for women, such as lack of childcare or lack of transportation. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a rapid expansion in the availability of both telehealth for addiction treatment and digital recovery support services. Longstanding regulations governing MOUD prescription practices were relaxed to allow providers to initiate and prescribe MOUD after virtual visits, and insurance coverage expanded to provide reimbursement to providers for these services. Mutual-aid and recovery support groups also rapidly transitioned their meetings to virtual formats such as Zoom. However, while digital health interventions have grown rapidly in recent years, their usability and acceptability may not have been fully evaluated. To be most relevant to the needs of women, community engagement and consumer feedback are critical to digital health intervention design and implementation. Furthermore, gendered barriers to care for OUD intersect with additional social determinants of health that require full consideration during program development. To design effective digital health interventions to meet the needs of women with OUD, a full assessment of the existing literature is required. The objective of this scoping review is to document and describe existing digital health interventions to support women with OUD. The secondary objective of this scoping review is to document the extent to which these digital health interventions have been evaluated, involved community engagement, and addressed the social determinants of health.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely employed as measures of transdiagnostic cognitive processes that are thought to underlie various clinical disorders (Hajcak et al., 2019). Despite their prevalence in clinical neuroscience, the effects of sex-specific processes, such as the human menstrual cycle, on a broad range of ERPs are poorly understood. The present study aims to leverage a within-subject design to characterize cyclical change across the menstrual cycle in two frequently-studied ERPs associated with positive and negative valence systems underlying psychopathology—the Reward Positivity (RewP) and the Error-Related Negativity (ERN). We aim to examine the mean degree of change in both ERPs, the between-person variability in the degree of change in both ERPs, and whether an individual’s degree of cyclical change in these ERPs show coherence with their degree of cyclical change in positive and negative affect recorded across the cycle. Subjects participated in repeated EEG sessions and ecological momentary assessments of positive and negative affect in the early follicular, periovulatory, and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.

Female genital mutilation/cutting, FGM/C, is the removal of and/or damaging of the outer female genitalia. It is performed on a large number of women and girls in many countries worldwide and can lead to secondary health problems. There are girl and women in Sweden who have undergone FGM/C. The purpose of this project is to identify and map scientific publications regarding preventive measures against female genital mutilation/cutting of girls and women., set in high income or upper middle income countries.

Maltreatment of children is a societal issue, leading to substantial adverse effects on children’s psychosocial development (Cicchetti & Toth, 2016; Schlensog-Schuster et al., 2022). For example, adolescents maltreated early in life show greater difficulties in emotion regulation, social, and cognitive processes than non-maltreated children (Lansford et al., 2002; Sullivan et al., 2008) . This leads to an increased risk of developing mental health difficulties including anxiety and depressive disorders (Kim & Cicchetti, 2010; Schlensog-Schuster et al., 2022). Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying maltreatment-based vulnerability remain incompletely understood (Teicher & Samson, 2013), although atypical patterns of social functioning, especially under threat, are thought to account for much of this vulnerability (McCrory et al., 2019). Social exclusion or ostracism (i.e., being rejected, excluded and/or ignored within a social context), threatens basic human needs of belonging, control, meaningful existence, and self-esteem, and is often accompanied by negative affective arousal and psychological pain (Eisenberger et al., 2003; Wesselmann et al., 2012; Williams, 2009), as well as elevated rates of distress (Eisenberger et al., 2003; Eisenberger, 2015; Hartgerink et al., 2015). A Intrafamilial adversity, especially emotional abuse and neglect, appear to confer hypersensitivity to exclusion (Schulz et al., 2022; van den Berg et al., 2018) as well as signs of negative social expectancies (Gunther Moor et al., 2014). In light of the conceptual links between maltreatment and avoidant processing of emotion (White et al., 2021), we expect problems in accessing this negative affectivity within maltreated individuals with explicit self-reports of affect only. The reason for this expectancy is that children with those experiences report on trying to suppress the expression of negative affect in general as an attempt to minimize potential conflict with their respective caregivers (Shipman et al., 2005) and even suppress spontaneous facial mimicry (Ardizzi et al., 2016). So, for maltreated individuals we expect a higher emotional discordance (a discordance–congruence continuum, which reflects the extent to which felt and displayed emotions are aligned (Mesmer-Magnus et al., 2012, S. 7) than for non-maltreated subjects. In addition, self-reports, or explicit measures in general also tap into biasing factors such as conscious deliberation, reduced introspective ability, self-presentational concerns, and social desirability (Mitchell & Tetlock, 2015). This raises the question of how to capture a more holistic picture of affective experiences. Especially in children and adolescents with experiences of maltreatment masking affects seems to be a mechanism necessary to maintain a relationship to their caregivers and therefore necessary for survival. Nonetheless, since affects also comprise different components such as situation appraisal, subjective feelings, expressive behavior, physiological responses, and action preparation, multiple ways to approach and measure affective reactions were developed (Montag & Panksepp, 2017). Hence, for the present study we found implicit measures, assumed to assess affective evaluations, activated automatically, spontaneously, without effort, and, at times, without the subjects’ awareness, to be of interest. One of those measures, the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT; Quirin et al., 2009) conceptualizes implicit affect as the automatic and pre-reflective component of the affective experience, providing information different from and sometimes above explicit measures (Weil et al., 2019). However, surprisingly little research has been conducted regarding the influence of social exclusion on implicit affect in comparison to explicit measures, particularly in maltreated children and adolescents. Ostracism has been widely researched within the Cyberball paradigm. The individuals playing the Cyberball game are instructed on playing with other players online, involving phases of fair play, exclusion, and reunion during a virtual ball-tossing game (Williams & Jarvis, 2006). To the best of our knowledge, only one study to date investigated a modified Cyberball game, with no significant effect on implicit affect as measured by the IPANAT (Ho et al., 2014). We want to highlight that within this study, exclusion was more subtle and the questionnaire altered as well, which leads to the idea of using the more “clear-cut” version of Cyberball and the IPANAT to investigate the effect on implicit affect again. Another innovation would be the sample of maltreated individuals as subjects potentially masking their feelings to their social environment. Therefore, the goal for the present study is to investigate the IPANAT as an implicit measure of affect in addition to self-report of affect to capture the subjects’ affective experience during social exclusion in a more complete approach. For the assessment of explicit affect, we chose the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Krohne et al., 1996). In approaching affective experience in this way, it could lead to a deeper understanding of how children with the experience of maltreatment in comparison to their non-maltreated counterparts undergo a threatful situation like social exclusion.

The present registration contains the details on a new cross-cultural study aimed at defining, testing, and evaluating the reliability and assessment model of a new expanded version of the Exercise Addiction Inventory, called EAI-3. The structure of the EAI-3 will be also validated across gender and different languages/cultures. Finally, it will be explored it is possible to find a general cutoff point able to screen individuals at risk of exercise addiction.

Since the 1990’s, there have been parallel increases in deaths due to suicide and substance use in the United States. Researchers are beginning to explore whether the increase in substance use helps explain the increase in suicide.1,2 Greater levels of community substance use and related harms may increase risk of suicide via strain on family and social relationships, grief, and a weakening of social capital and social cohesion. Given the lethality and relative ease of implementation of firearm suicide attempts, the association between community substance use and suicide may be greater where firearms are more easily available. No prior studies, to our knowledge, have examined the community-level association of substance use and suicide, or firearm suicide, using methods that account for time-dependent confounding, in which time-varying confounders are affected by prior exposure and are thus on the hypothesized causal pathway. For example, unemployment may be both a cause of substance use and suicide (a confounder) and a consequence of substance use (a mediator). To estimate the longitudinal association between community substance use-related harm and suicide, including mechanisms that may unfold over the course of several years, methods are needed that control for confounding without over adjusting for mediators.3 In this study, we apply the sequential g-computation formula, using iterative conditional expectations, to estimate the longitudinal association between community drug- and alcohol-related harm and suicide in California and the modifying role of firearm ownership prevalence.

Secondary analysis of the dataset from PROMISE (ISRCTN92644181), PRISM (ISRCTN14163439) and TABLET trials (ISRCTN15948785) to investigate whether previous history of caesarean births reported at the time of randomisation is associated with an increased miscarriage risk.

Objective: This scoping review aims to identify current research and practice gaps regarding self-compassion and compassion-focused therapy conducted among patients with advanced non-cancer conditions. Inclusion criteria: The review's participants should be those aged 18 years or older and have been diagnosed with advanced non-cancer conditions, including cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure), geriatric (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias), hepatic (liver failure, cirrhosis), pulmonary (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), renal (e.g., chronic kidney diseases, renal failure, and other end-stage renal diseases), and nervous (multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease) disorders. Those with cancer or other chronic conditions, such as pain, diabetes, or fatigue, were not considered in this scoping review. The concepts of this scoping review focused on compassion, self-compassion, and compassion-focused therapy, defined as interventions with a focus to improve patients’ self-compassion, including mindful self-compassion, compassion cultivation training, and others. These is no constraints in cultural background, geographic locations, or contextual settings. Regarding types of evidence, interventional studies with experimental or quasi-experimental designs will be eligible. Qualitative studies and observational studies will also be eligible if they explored self-compassion or compassion-focused therapy among patients with advanced non-cancer conditions. Reviews and protocols will also be considered since they are essential to guide our understanding about what knowledge have been synthesized and what programs were planned to conduct to improve self-compassion among the study population. However, grey literatures, conference abstracts, and opinion papers were excluded as they will generate limited knowledge in the study area. Methods: Databases will be searched. These include MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, British Nursing Index, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (central), and Ovid Emcare. Reference lists of included articles will also be screened. At least two independent reviewers will screen titles/abstracts and then the full-text of the articles. A data extraction form will be develop and pilot tested. Data will be analyzed using narrative descriptions, qualitative content analysis, or meta-narrative approach if applicable. Findings will be reported in a descriptive format, with support of tables or charts.

Background-According to the CDC, burn injuries account for 1.1 million hospital admissions in the United States, and of those, approximately 4,500 of these people die as a result of their injuries. In addition, up to 10,000 people in the United States die every year of burn-related infections. The use of skin grafts was created in 1869; since then, surgeons have relied on this method. However, as medicine continues to discover and develop more modes of treatment through research, the use of tilapia skin has proven to be much safer and has led to better prognosis. So, in this review, we aimed to review the current literature to assess the strengths and gaps in knowledge about the usage of fish skin in burn patients. Material and methods- Electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar were searched using MESH keywords such as “fish skin”, “skin graft”, “Nile tilapia fish skin”, “burns” and “burn wounds” from 2018-2022. A data extraction form including information of author and year, study design, sample size, age, gender, and type of fish skin was done. . All included studies considered bias and ethical criteria and provided valuable information to answer the research question. Results- Of the 166 studies identified during the screening, 12 studies were relevant and were studied in detail during this review after undergoing extensive analysis. Conclusion- The results of trials have proven fastened and satisfactory reepithelialization, better patient compliance in terms of burn-associated pain, no immunological or allergic reaction, reduced infection, shortened hospital stay and treatment costs, all pointing towards the non-inferiority and robustness of fish skin as compared to the previous treatment modalities. Nile Tilapia is an excellent candidate among xenografts in treating burn victims due to all of the above-discussed points, however, more larger-scale trials and studies need to be further conducted and established before its widespread and official use in burn centers. MESH term: Nile tilapia fish skin, fish skin, skin graft, burns, burn wounds 1.1 Introduction Mass trauma and disasters such as explosions and fires can cause a variety of life-threatening injuries, including burns. [1] The use of skin grafts was created in 1869 and since then surgeons around the world have used this method. Since the first use of the skin graft, there have not been many changes to this procedure despite the issues that have arisen due to rejection of the graft. [2] Previously, the treatment of burn injuries involved the use of allogeneic skin grafts from other areas of normal skin in the same patient. However, as medicine continues to develop more information is emerging through research and the use of tilapia skin has been shown to provide much safer and better results for patients. For example, with the use of skin grafts, the patient is subjected to new wounds to graft skin from burns, which increases the risk of surgical complications of allogeneic skin grafting. Furthermore, skin graft rejection in cases where an allogeneic graft is not used also poses a complication. Tilapia skin and acellular fish skin from Atlantic cod fish provide an improved alternative that may not only facilitate but promote faster wound healing, lower risk of infection, and is generally more cost-effective. [3] Thus studies have been done in order to find a more suitable, sustainable, and cost-efficient alternative. This gap in demand can be filled by acellular fish skin grafts. The use of collagen-based biomaterials such as Fish Skin Graft, for cell growth and wound healing, is gaining attention. Collagen has been widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food for its beneficial properties. A protein that has the potential to promote wound healing, Collagen (type I and II), are found in large quantities in fish skin. [4] Since its approval by FDA for wound coverage, Fish skin graft, a novel skin substitute, has seen widespread clinical application. Omega 3-rich acellular fish skin graft is shown to integrate into the wound bed resulting in faster healing with less contraction. [5] In addition, fish skin grafts show promising results in treating diabetic foot ulcers and venous leg ulcers. Hence is worthy of further exploration in treating a variety of other acute and chronic wounds. [3] The purpose of this literature review was to review the current literature to assess the strengths and gaps in knowledge about the use of fish skin in burn patients. 1.2 Methods: Search Method and Strategy: The literature search was performed up to December 2022, using MESH terms: “fish skin”, “skin graft”, “Nile tilapia fish skin”, “burns” and “burn wounds”. We searched on databases like PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, Clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria The inclusion criteria for studies consisted of inclusion criteria- articles from the last 5 years including 2018-2022, age >18, original Studies, observational studies, systematic review, and meta-analysis, case series. Exclusion criteria included narrative reviews, editorials, short communications, case studies, articles not in English, articles for which full text is not available. The articles were thoroughly studied In extensive details and made eligible based on relevance to our study. Data Extraction The following data were extracted from eligible studies: author and year, study design, sample size, age, gender, and type of fish skin. 1.3 Results Of the 166 studies identified during the screening, 14 studies were relevant and were studied in detail during this review. However, 2 studies were excluded due to one was a preclinical study and another was a letter to the editor. Finally, 12 studies comprising 4 clinical trials, 2 case reports, 2 case series, 1 cross sectional study, 1 review article, and 1 retrospective and 1 prospective cohort study were included. (Table 1) A phase 3 clinical trial in Brazil compared the use of Nile tilapia fish skin (NTFS) with silver sulfadiazine cream for the treatment of superficial partial thickness burn in a total of 115 subjects. Among them, 57 patients treated with fish skin required fewer days for reepithelialization (p = 0.001) and fewer dressings (p < 0.001) so, patients treated with fish skin needed comparatively short duration of reepithelialization. [6] Similarly, another case report conducted on applying acellular fish skin graft (KerecisTM Omega3 Burn) for treating partial thickness skin burns found reepithelialization time was significantly short compared to traditional methods. [7] A case report in Brazil by Lima-Junior et al. found that on both superficial and deep partial thickness burn, tilapia skin was applied that leads to complete reepithelialization within 12 days and 17 days respectively. [8] Costa B, et al. found time required for complete re epithelialization was 10 days while treating a 3 year old with superficial partial thickness burn. [9] Also, the effectiveness of Nile tilapia skin was reported as a beneficial method for partial thickness burn treatment in low resource countries with no major adverse effects. [10] Similarly, Costa B et al. concluded that this method of treatment could serve as a promising, widely available and low cost option for treatment of pediatric burn. [9] In a randomized control trial conducted by Baosheng et al., the study concluded faster healing rates could be achieved with the use of the collagen hydrogels as wound dressing in refractory wounds. [8] Furthermore, a case series completed by Putri et al., included 4 adults aged of 23-48 years suffering from acute burns affecting 27.5-37% total body surface area, found the limbs treated with tilapia fish skin required less dressing changes when compared to paraffin-impregnated gauze. [11] Additionally, cross linked decullularized tilapia skin was found to have both improved function as well as positive contribution in cell proliferation in a retrospective cohort study by Liu et al. The study emphasized on the efficacy of this graft in treatment of tendon repair. [12] Similarly, a prospective study examining the use of synthetic peptides obtained from tilapia piscidin in wound healing of the skin ((TP2, TP2-5, TP2-6) found favorable effects in cell proliferation when treated with HaCaT keratinocytes. It was also noted the samples displayed pro-angiogenic properties, accelerating wound healing when instilled topically to wounds of mice. [13] In a review conducted by Luze et al., 14 trials were sought out to identify the outcome of acellular fish skin in either burn wounds or split-thickness donor sites. The review discovered an increased rate of wound healing, and decreased pain, dressing changes, as well as costs for treatment. The aceullar fish skin was determined a potential good alternative in the treatment of superficial and partial thickness burns. [9] Similarly, a cross sectional study by Biazar et al., observed with the addition of plasma rich growth factor, adequate healing in full thickness skin wounds by 28th day. The sample also displayed formation of an epidermal layer that closely resembled skin. [14] 1.4 Discussion The treatment of superficial burns has evolved with the advancement of medical science. Different methods have been used to treat partial thickness skin burns. In recent times, the use of Nile tilapia skin (NTFS) for the treatment of superficial burns has drawn a lot of attention due to its tremendously promising results compared to traditionally used methods. Even Nile tilapia skin (NTFS) is being developed as a low-cost xenograft compared to the use of split-skin grafts, carcasses and pig grafts in burn victims, none of which have come to fulfill all the characteristics of an ideal graft and are generally associated with an increased chance of graft rejection. [7] Recent literature reports the usefulness of fish skin in burn victims. Regarding the required number of dressing, fewer dressings were required for superficial partial thickness burn in Nile tilapia skin compared to sulfadiazine cream found in a study by Lima-Junior et al. [6] This finding is also supported by another study where Nile tilapia skin and silver impregnated Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose were compared for superficial partial thickness burn treatment. [15] Similar results were revealed when Nile tilapia skin was used as a xenograft for partial thickness burn wound treatment mainly from thermal sources. [7] Dressing changes are an essential component for successful wound healing. In a comparative case series study, Putri et al., studied the differences between tilapia skin xenograft and paraffin-impregnated gauze, leading to an average reduction of dressing changes of 3.72 and 8.67 for outpatients and inpatients, respectively. [11] Lima-Junior et al. revealed improved associated pain and less amount of analgesic were required for the Nile tilapia fish skin (NTFS) treated group compared to silver sulfadiazine cream treated group in the study. [6] Similar findings revealed while comparing Nile tilapia fish skin (NTFS) and silver impregnated Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose for superficial partial thickness burn treatment and when using NTFS as a xenograft for partial thickness burn mainly from thermal sources. [15, 16] Further supported by a case report on applying acellular fish skin graft (KerecisTM Omega3 Burn) for treating partial thickness skin burns where the required amount of analgesic was also significantly less compared to traditional methods. [10] Better adherence to the wound site was noted when evaluating the effectiveness of Nile tilapia skin as a xenograft for partial thickness burn wound treatment mainly from thermal sources. [16] A case report on a 3-year-old child in Brazil also resulted in appropriate attachment to the wound site. [17] But designing and executing further studies with pragmatic approaches is crucial to learn more about the benefits of using fish skin and its consequences for clinically meaningful advantage. Alam K, et al. showed in his case report that no immunological reactions, no incidence of infection or any kind of reactions were noticed after the application of acellular fish skin graft (KerecisTM Omega3 Burn) for treating split thickness donor sites and partial thickness skin burns compared to previously used cadaveric and pig skin in skin graft [10], these results correlated with Biazar et.al, decellularized tilapia fish skin with plasma-rich growth factor (PRGF) has no allergic reactions and promising biocompatibility. [14] Based on prior studies, the use of Nile tilapia fish skin is cost-effective. The total cost of burn treatment using Nile tilapia fish skin compared to silver sulfadiazine cream was significantly reduced. [6] Hence the use of tilapia skin could serve as a promising, widely available, low-cost option for the treatment of pediatric burns. [17] This could be particularly beneficial in resource-poor third world and war-torn countries, where cheaper and more compatible amputation and burn treatments could take root in health systems as a more viable option for both the patient as well as the health care provider. Supporting the previously exposed ,decellularized tilapia fish skin with plasma-rich growth factor (PRGF) entails a novel cost-effective approach with a reduction in dressing changes, key feature to scale-down medical cost related expenses. [11] In addition, the use of fish skins could be expanded to use in firearms and explosive injuries due to their long storage life at normal room temperature and also the fact that associated fish skin-treated wounds do not require frequent repair and removal. , which is a really ideal property for battlefield wounds. It’s antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and analgesic effect on associated wounds also provides added benefits for subsequent long-term treatment. [3] Nile Tilapia Skin Collagen Hydrogels represent a novel and successful technique to treat burn victims. Baosheng et al., extracted ASC and PSC from tilapia skin, both molecules obtained are type I collagen, which is an essential component of extracellular matrix and a key component in the process of wound healing. The rationale behind these results is built on the assumption of rapid formation and promotion of collagen as well as epidermis layer resulting in a prompt/efficient reepithelization time. [8] Similar results were reported by Biazar et. al, decellularized tilapia fish skin with plasma-rich growth factor (PRGF) that portrays favorable promotion in wound healing and closure in 28 days. [14] Thus, Luze et al., compared standard wound healing treatment, which will generally take two to three weeks, compared with using acellular fish skin graft from Nile tilapia. Tilapia skin grafts yield a significant reduction of 1.43 days and 1.14 days for inpatients and outpatients, respectively. [9] Equally important, the rich presence of collagen in tilapia graft provides an ideal environment under the wet wound healing theory; a moist wound environment gives a scaffold for tissue regeneration and cell migration. [11] Chia-Wen Liu demonstrated the presence of two components derived from tilapia piscidin TP2. The peptides found in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia) were TP2-5 and TP2-6 and had pro-angiogenic properties enhancing collagen I, collagen III, and Keratinocyte growth factors. These natural substances can regulate cell migration and activate neovascularization, resulting in wound healing. [13] Furthermore, some tissues in the human body have a low rate of regeneration; tendon tissue is one of these and is considered a challenge. Usually, tendon replacement is done with mammalian-derived scaffolds... Liu et al., yield propitious results for using decellularized tilapia fish skin as an alternative for tendon tissue replacement. Nile tilapia skin has intrinsic properties such as abundant collagen and mechanical strength to promote collagen fibers expression. [12] Even though some disadvantages persist, widespread advantages outweigh the risks. Widespread parameters of benefits including reduced probability of graft rejection, decreased number of required analgesics and dressings and better attachment to the wound site propose significant promising results for future treatment. Additionally, prolonged stability at room temperature along with no adverse or immunological reactions, reduced chance of infection and efficient reepithelization time are in line with the hypothesis. For the resource-poor countries, cost effectiveness of this treatment method could come as a boon for burn treatment. All these amenities exceed the minimal associated risks. Regardless, this review has some limitations. Only published articles were screened, sources from grey literature were not taken into consideration. But we consider that the grey literature would not have influenced the article’s conclusions. In addition, we found a limited number of data, but the majority of the studies were RCTs. 1.5 Conclusion Nile Tilapia is an excellent candidate among xenografts in treating burn victims due to all of the above discussed points, however, larger scale trials and studies need to be further conducted and established before its widespread and official use in burn centers. Appendix Table 1 Study Country Study design Demographic characteristics Type of fish skin Study findings Lima-Junior et al. 2021 [6] Brazil Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial 115 outpatients aged 18 - 70 years with superficial partial-thickness burns affecting 15 % or less of body surface area and no previous treatment. 57 patients were treated with the glycerolized fish skin 58 with silver sulfadiazine cream 1%. Patients treated with fish skin required fewer days for reepithelialization and fewer dressings. They had decreased analgesic needs and visual analogue scale, Burns Specific Pain Anxiety Scale, and Electronic von Frey measurements. Fish skin use reduced the final average treatment-related cost per patient by 42.1 %. Lima-Junior et al. 2020 [15] Brazil Randomized, prospective, open-label, and controlled pilot study 24 participants had ≥18 and ≤70 years of age and superficial partial-thickness burns affecting up to 10% of TBSA Glycerolized Nile tilapia skin (NTS) In the test group, the number of dressings and the patient-reported pain after dressing-related procedures were lower. Analgesic intake, pain-related anxiety, and both patient-reported and objectively measured pain before dressing-related procedures were similar for the treatment groups. No adverse effects. Superiority for burn management when compared with silver-impregnated sodium carboxymethylcellulose dressing. Lima-Junior et al. 2020 [16] Brazil Open-label, monocentric, randomized phase II pilot study 30 children between 2 - 12 years with superficial "partial-thickness" burns admitted less than 72 hours from the thermal injury. In the test group, the tilapia skin was applied. In the control group, a thin layer of silver sulfadiazine cream 1% was applied. Tilapia skin showed good adherence to the wound bed, reducing the number of dressing changes required, the amount of anesthetics used, and providing benefits for the patients and also for healthcare professionals, by reducing the overall workload. The number of days to complete burn wound healing, the total amount of analgesics required throughout the treatment, burn improvement on the day of dressing removal, and pain throughout the treatment were similar to the conventional treatment with silver sulfadiazine. Alam K, et al. 2019 [10] UK Case series 10 patients (6 males), mean age 45 acellular fish skin (KerecisTM Omega3 Burn) There were no adverse reactions noted on the use of the fish skin grafts. No patient had any reaction to the fish skin and there was a zero incidence of infection. The handling of the fish skin was excellent, a robust and pliable xenograft that was easy to apply. The quality of donor site healing was judged to be good in all cases. Both the analgesic effect noted and the relatively short average times until 100% re-epithelialization are promising. Lima-Junior, et al. 2019 [7] Brazil case report 23-year-old male, with no comorbidities Tilapia skin Tilapia skin was applied to the lesions, leading to complete reepithelialization within 12 and 17 days of treatment, respectively. No dressing changes were needed. No side effects. Costa B, et al. 2019 [17] Brazil case report 3-year-old boy, Involvement of 18% of TBSA with superficial partial thickness burns Tilapia skin Good adherence of tilapia skin to the wound bed was detected. Time required for complete re epithelialization was 10 days. No adverse effects. Baosheng et al., 2020 [8] China RCT Tilapia fish skin 2 types of collagen were extracted from the tilapia fish skin, acid-soluble (ASC) and pepsin-soluble (PSC). Due to the favorable characteristics of PSC including its low molecular weight, low antigenicity, and temperature resistance, PSC was used in the development of the hydrogels. The inclusion of PSC yielded increased strength of the samples. No cytotoxicity noted. Luze et al., 2022 [9] Austria Review Acellular fish skin The effects of using acellular fish skin revealed an increased rate of wound healing, along with decreased pain, dressing changes needed, and costs for treatment. The xenografts displayed superior outcomes in both function and aesthetically. May be a good alternative treatment option for superficial and partial thickness burns. Future cohort studies with larger scope warranted. Putri et al., 2022 [11] Indonesia Case series 4 adults between the ages of 23-48 years with acute burns affecting 27.5-37% total body surface area with similar burns affecting entire limbs (both sides of the limbs) Tilapia skin or paraffin-impregnated gauze The subject's limbs treated with tilapia skin displayed a reduction in the number of dressing changes required compared to those treated with paraffin-impregnated gauze. No allergic reactions to either tilapia skin or paraffin gauze. Liu et al., 2022 [12] China Retrospective Cohort Manufactured decellularized Nile tilapia fish skin cross linked with 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) The cross linked deceullularized tilapia fish skin displayed enhanced function, in both wet and dry conditions. It proved favorable contribution in cell proliferation in the produced fish skin, including induction of movement and differentiation of tendon-derived stem cells. The study emphasized on the usefulness of this graft for tendon repair. No cytotoxicity noted. Biazar et al., 2022 [14] Iran Cross sectional Acellular fish skin The use of acellular fish skin with plasma rich growth factor (PRGF) in full thickness skin wounds in a rat showed improved and adequate healing by 28th day post-op. The study found some dressings yielded the formation of an epidermal layer that closely resembled skin. Liu et al., 2022 [13] Taiwan Prospective cohort Tilapia fish skin The utilization of TP2-5 and TP2-6 revealed favorable effects in cell proliferation when treated with HaCaT keratinocytes. They also displayed pro-angiogenic properties. When instilled topically in the wounds of mice, the wounds exhibited accelerated healing in comparison to the non-treated wounds. No cytotoxicity noted. TBSA: total body surface area, ASC: Acid-soluble Collagen, PSC: Pepsin-soluble Collagen Reference 1. . 2. Greenwood, J.E., The evolution of acute burn care - retiring the split skin graft. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2017. 99(6): p. 432-438. 3. Fiakos, G., Z. Kuang, and E. Lo, Improved skin regeneration with acellular fish skin grafts. Engineered Regeneration, 2020. 1: p. 95-101. 4. Ibrahim, A., et al., Evaluation of fish skin as a biological dressing for metacarpal wounds in donkeys. BMC Veterinary Research, 2020. 16(1): p. 472. 5. Wasiak, J., et al., Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013. 2013(3): p. Cd002106. 6. Lima Júnior, E.M., et al., Nile Tilapia Fish Skin-Based Wound Dressing Improves Pain and Treatment-Related Costs of Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns: A Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2021. 147(5): p. 1189-1198. 7. Lima-Junior, E.M., et al., Innovative treatment using tilapia skin as a xenograft for partial thickness burns after a gunpowder explosion. J Surg Case Rep, 2019. 2019(6): p. rjz181. 8. Ge, B., et al., Comprehensive Assessment of Nile Tilapia Skin (Oreochromis niloticus) Collagen Hydrogels for Wound Dressings. Mar Drugs, 2020. 18(4). 9. Luze, H., et al., The Use of Acellular Fish Skin Grafts in Burn Wound Management-A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas), 2022. 58(7). 10. Alam, K. and S.L.A. Jeffery, Acellular Fish Skin Grafts for Management of Split Thickness Donor Sites and Partial Thickness Burns: A Case Series. Mil Med, 2019. 184(Suppl 1): p. 16-20. 11. Putri, N.M., et al., Efficacy of tilapia skin xenograft compared to paraffin-impregnated gauze as a full-thickness burn dressing after excisional debridement: A case series. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, 2022. 95: p. 107240. 12. Liu, Z., et al., Decellularized tilapia fish skin: A novel candidate for tendon tissue engineering. Mater Today Bio, 2022. 17: p. 100488. 13. Liu, C.W., C.Y. Hsieh, and J.Y. Chen, Investigations on the Wound Healing Potential of Tilapia Piscidin (TP)2-5 and TP2-6. Mar Drugs, 2022. 20(3). 14. Biazar, E., et al., Healing effect of acellular fish skin with plasma rich in growth factor on full-thickness skin defects. Int Wound J, 2022. 19(8): p. 2154-2162. 15. Lima Júnior, E.M., et al., A Randomized Comparison Study of Lyophilized Nile Tilapia Skin and Silver-Impregnated Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose for the Treatment of Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns. J Burn Care Res, 2021. 42(1): p. 41-48. 16. Lima Júnior, E.M., et al., Pediatric Burn Treatment Using Tilapia Skin as a Xenograft for Superficial Partial-Thickness Wounds: A Pilot Study. J Burn Care Res, 2020. 41(2): p. 241-247. 17. Costa, B.A., et al., Use of Tilapia Skin as a Xenograft for Pediatric Burn Treatment: A Case Report. J Burn Care Res, 2019. 40(5): p. 714-717.

Ecological Momentary Assessment Study evaluating the effects of stress beliefs on psychological and cardiac responses to stress in every day life

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues past its second year, public health experts from various levels of government have been central to global efforts to contain the pandemic. Experts from local, national, and international institutions have all played important roles in providing information and advice on the coronavirus, recommended behaviors, and overall concerns in dealing with this public health emergency. As the pandemic has become increasingly politicized in a number of countries, these experts have also become more controversial to varying degrees (Singh 2020, O’Shea and Ueda 2021). Whether the public trusts public health experts has implications for the effectiveness of mitigation efforts, and understanding why some experts may be more trusted than others could contribute to more successful public health messaging and policy implementation. This study aims to measure how and why public health experts at the local, national, and international levels are more or less effective at securing public support for COVID-19 related public health policies.

Currently, digital health in all regions of the world is part of the modalities of care in health services. It is a useful medium in health systems, both for disease prevention and health promotion, as well as for diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. Telerehabilitation, understood as the use of information and communication technologies in the provision of rehabilitation services at a distance, is a relatively new modality, emerging in the last 20 years with an important development in some European countries, Oceania and North America, among others. During the COVID-19 pandemic, its implementation was strengthened exponentially. In Latin America, a region of countries with great diversity in geography, extension, population density and resources for health care, the implementation of telerehabilitation is an opportunity of access to respond according to its scope to the rehabilitation needs. In order to contribute positively to the implementation processes in this context, this scoping review aims to identify experiences of telerehabilitation implementation in the region, document and recognize developments, needs and limitations of this modality.

Hypertension is a cause of serious and life-threatening conditions requiring emergency and complicated treatments. This disease affects approximately one-third of the world's adult population and is a significant cause of premature death despite considerable advances in pharmacological treatments. Furthermore, the disease is possibly the most powerful, modifiable risk factor for the development of cardiovascular, stroke, and renal disease worldwide. Hypertension affects the entire body, causing damage to multiple organs and early/sudden death. For example, hypertension drives cardiac remodeling within the left ventricle resulting in hypertensive heart disease, which ultimately manifests as heart failure; this also affects blood circulation to the kidney and damages the glomerular. In addition, high blood pressure causes a stroke. There are many factors causing hypertension, such as inappropriate health behaviors, stress, obesity, and vascular degeneration following the aging process. The researcher reported that high blood pressure is significant, with brain damage in 93%, enlargement of the heart's left ventricle in 82%, decreased pumping of the heart in 56%, kidney damage in 55%, and blood clots in small blood vessels in 15% of the participants. Other research teams also found that hypertension can cause mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia. Despite published high blood pressure management and behavioral treatment guidelines, blood pressure control is generally poor in the global population. Burden diseases and early death were still found among people with hypertension. Early detection and appropriate management are necessary to prevent hypertension and other related chronic diseases. Growing evidence supports the use of lifestyle interventions for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of hypertension (regular physical exercise, body weight management, and healthy dietary patterns), as well as other less traditional recommendations such as stress management and the promotion of good sleep patterns coupled with circadian entrainment. Lifestyle modification interventions, including diet, reduced sedentariness, and increased physical activity, are usually recommended for people at risk of hypertension. In addition, there is strong evidence for a causal relationship between salt intake and blood pressure, and high salt intake is a top dietary risk factor. A lower salt intake is associated with a reduced risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality, and other conditions, such as kidney disease, so salt reduction programs are cost-effective and should be implemented. It seems many interventions were developed to prevent hypertension. However, interventions should suit and be adjusted based on specific cultures and contexts, such as Asian or American culture, that affect lifestyle and health behavior. Thais are facing a high incidence rate of being diagnosed with hypertension, and prevention intervention development is an area of concern. However, no current or underway systematic reviews or scoping reviews on the topic were identified after conducting a preliminary search between 2013-2022 of MEDLINE, PubMed, the Cochrane Database, and JBI Evidence Synthesis. This scoping review will elucidate effective interventions to promote self-care and self-monitoring, preventing hypertension among risk people in the Thai population. This project provides and allows data comparisons among multiple studies that will lead to a better understanding of current hypertension prevention programs and the state of evidence for their effectiveness. This understanding will provide the basis for further research on specific, promising prevention interventions to prevent hypertension among risk people for future study.

Despite the devastation caused by COVID-19, there has been a significant amount of resistance to getting vaccinated and following other COVID-19 mitigation measures. Many of these policies have also become politically polarized, with people increasingly unwilling to listen or engage with those advocating for a different approach to the pandemic. Since a lack of individual compliance reduces the effectiveness of COVID-19 public health measures, it is of interest to researchers and policymakers to understand how support for these measures can be increased. One strategy that has been shown to be effective at changing attitudes toward difficult issues is perspective-taking, where people are encouraged to reflect on the perspective of others who are different from them (Adida et al 2018; Broockman and Kalla 2016). Perspective-taking can facilitate attitudinal change by encouraging empathy for the other’s situation. This survey experiment tests whether a perspective-taking exercise about the negative consequences of neighbors’ careless behaviors during the pandemic can increase support for policies designed to limit the spread of COVID-19.

Introduction In 2003, the Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) launched the Best Practice Spotlight Organization® (BPSO®) designation as a key knowledge-translation strategy to support the implementation of best practice guidelines (BPGs), rapid learning and sustainability of evidence-based practice changes[1]. RNAO has since developed two data systems to monitor and evaluate the impact of BPG implementation: Nursing Quality Indicators for Reporting and Evaluation® (NQuIRE®) and the MyBPSO reporting system. The NQuIRE data system collects aggregated de-identified data from BPSOs related to their BPG implementation efforts based on quality indicators. Recently, the RNAO has launched an artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) initiative to assess data obtained from the two data systems and predict patterns in BPG implementation across organizations. AI and ML uses various computer techniques and advanced analytics to unwrap patterns of hidden information[2]. AI and ML techniques also aid in the performance of different tasks via statistical and algorithmic calculations that conventionally required human intervention in a comparatively faster way[2]. ML algorithms can be used to manage Big data and help with nursing assessments, interventions, clinical decision-making and documentation[3]. AI-powered techniques can also play a vital role in contributing to the understanding of BPG implementation. To better understand the impact of BPG implementation, RNAO intends to develop AI and ML techniques applicable to the NQuIRE and MyBPSO data systems. This makes it imperative to know which AI and ML methods exist to further support clinical decision-making and BPG implementation, which provided the basis for our scoping review. The goals of this scoping review are to gain a deeper understanding of implementation strategies and practice changes that improve clinical, organizational and health-system outcomes, and to advance BPSOs capacity for rapid learning and continuous quality improvement which can be uncovered via AI and ML techniques. Objectives The purpose of this scoping review is to understand the adaptation and implementation of various AI and ML techniques in a variety of health-care contexts utilizing different data systems which house nursing-related aggregated data. Keywords and subject headings associated with the following terms were combined: “health care”, “machine learning and deep learning”, and “data systems” (Appendix). Methods Standardized reporting guidelines stipulate certain items to include in research reports to improve methodological transparency and the uptake of research findings[4]. Specifically, scoping reviews follow systematic approaches to search and gather evidence while identifying knowledge gaps. Unfortunately, there is no existing scoping review protocol guidance. However, The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) provides a checklist of items for scoping review development[4], used as a guiding document for this review. The summary of RNAO’s scoping review is registered in the Open Science Framework database (registration doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/ZP6CG)[5]. This scoping review will map out current available evidence on AI and ML techniques. This may include identifying core concepts related to AI and ML, relevant terminology or techniques associated with AI and ML, knowledge gaps and summative techniques that were potentially adapted to build AI. Members of the Monitoring & Evaluation team at RNAO (SS, CM and SN) initiated this scoping review by conceptualizing the application of AI and ML techniques in nursing databases and determining the need for further research. The RNAO Guideline Development and Research Team (LH, AB and NN), provided support and aided in development of the methodology of the scoping review. RNAO’s Chief Executive Officer (DG) and Associate Director and Chief Scientist, RNAO (SN) informed the scope and direction of the project and will provide feedback on the results. This scoping review followed the Arksey and O'Malley framework[6] which has been further advanced by Levac, Colquhoun and O’Brien[7]. The five steps of the methodological framework include: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data, and (5) collating, summarizing and reporting the results. Step 1: Identifying the research question This scoping review was conducted to build on evidence that supports RNAO’s AI and ML initiative. First, a research question was constructed to guide the scoping review[7]: What type of AI and ML techniques have been used in nursing data systems that are built on the use of aggregated data? In this protocol, nursing data systems refer to any data systems used to store clinical data related to the nursing scope of practice in health service organizations for future use or analysis. The term “aggregated data” refers to de-identified organizational information and aggregated data from quality indicators collected on a monthly basis. This does not include data registries, which only store data and are not part of data analysis at the organization level. Step 2: Identifying relevant studies A broad search strategy was developed to ensure the comprehensiveness of the evidence retrieved, which is a common aspect of all scoping reviews[6]. The MEDLINE, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Embase databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature. The search terms (Appendix) were drafted by SS and CM and were reviewed by LH and SN. Search terms included “nursing”, “artificial intelligence”, “data systems”, “statistics”, and “aggregated data”. Relevant Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms, CINAHL Subject Headings and keywords were added and combined using Boolean operators “AND” and “OR”. One reviewer ran the final search strategy (SS). Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed through consultations with all authors. Grey literature was excluded from this scoping review because the focus was on scientific peer-reviewed literature and the fact that grey literature may be limited due to incomplete or incorrect identification. Grey literature is more difficult to process than other types of open-source citations owing to its nonstandard formats. The literature search was limited to articles published in the last two decades to ensure the evidence on AI and ML techniques was current. Our inclusion/exclusion criteria are described below: Inclusion criteria Quantitative studies All included citations must be: • Peer-reviewed • Published in the year 2000 or after • Available in English • Relevant to AI/ML in nursing • Based on aggregated data • Utilizing nursing data systems Exclusion criteria Qualitative studies and mixed-method studies • Grey literature such as theses, editorials, white paper publications • Conference abstracts • Discussion papers • Case studies • Published literature reviews, systematic/scoping reviews Step 3: Study selection Citations extracted from three databases were imported into EndNote[8] for de-duplication and then uploaded into DistillerSR[9] for screening. Two reviewers (SS and CM) independently screened citations in two stages: 1) a title and abstract screening and 2) full text review. The title and abstract screening was performed to determine relevancy of studies to the “use of AI and ML in the field of nursing or delivery of health care” while adhering to the inclusion criteria. For the full text review, the inclusion/exclusion criteria were even further refined to determine the utilization and analysis of aggregated data and nursing data systems. The full text articles were downloaded to DistillerSR[9], independently reviewed by SS and CM. Any disagreements were resolved through discussions by both reviewers. Step 4: Charting the data Data from included studies are extracted at this stage[7]. The data charting form will be created by the two reviewers (SS and CM) in Microsoft Excel 2019 (Microsoft Corp) and will be reviewed by SN and LH. Since data charting is an iterative process[7], the data charting form will be refined concurrently with data extraction. SS and CM will extract data from half of the citations and will then verify the half of the charted data they did not input. For the purpose of this scoping review, the proposed information to be extracted is as follows: • RefID (from DistillerSR) • First author (Year) • Study design • Country • Study setting • Eligibility criteria • Objective of study • Type of AI tool used • Description of AI method • Quantitative outcomes • Clinical outcomes • Additional comments/notes Step 5: Collating, summarizing and reporting the results There are three distinct steps to enhance the consistency of reporting: analyzing the data, reporting results, and applying meaning to the results[7]. A summary of the study findings will be presented in a manuscript following completion of the scoping review. Results Electronic database searches were conducted in March 2022 and a total of 2627 articles were retrieved and downloaded into EndNote[8]. After the removal of duplicates, 1518 articles remained. RNAO researchers aim to complete title and abstract screening, full text review, data charting and publishing a journal article by spring 2023. Conclusion and Future Directions The objective of this scoping review is to summarize the evidence available on current AI technologies used by data systems containing aggregated nursing-specific data. These insights will assist in ensuring that RNAO’s data systems are up to date with the most current AI and ML techniques. Preliminary findings indicate that AI and ML has been applied to the fields of oncology, pediatrics, neurology, and the use of Big data in nursing and health care. Recent publications also discuss the use of AI and ML techniques in COVID-19-related research. These findings will be presented in a final manuscript, and will also contain opportunities for implication of the findings and gaps for further research. Funding This work is funded by the Government of Ontario. All work produced by RNAO is editorially independent from its funding source. Conflicts of Interest None declared References 1. Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. Best Practice Spotlight Organizations (BPSO) (2023). Source: https://rnao.ca/bpg/bpso 2. Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. Nursing & Compassionate Care in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Engaging the Emerging Future (2020). Source: https://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/RNAO-AMS_Report-Nursing_and_Compassionate_Care_in_the_Age_of_AI_Final_For_Media_Release_10.21.2020.pdf 3. Ahmad, S., Jenkins, M. Artificial intelligence for nursing practice and management: Current and potential research and education. CIN Plus, 40(3), 139-144, 2022. 4. Tricco, A.C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K.K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med 2018 Oct 02;169(7):467-473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850 5. Singla, S., Medeiros, C., Howitt, L., Burt, A., Nizum, N., Naik, S., & Grinspun, D. (2022, November 24). A Scoping Review on the Use of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Nursing Data Systems. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ZP6CG 6. Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 2005 Feb;8(1):19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616 7. Levac D, Colquhoun H, O'Brien K. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci 2010; 5:69. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 8. EndNote. Available: https://endnote.com/ 9. DistillerSR. Available: https://www.distillersr.com/

The ageing population is a severe global issue that challenges social, health, and economic policies (Li et al., 2019). Ageing in place is the desire of most people. It can be defined as the ability to live in one's own home and community safely, independently, and comfortably, regardless of age, financial situation, or ability level (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). Along with community support and technology, ageing in place allows older adults to remain in their own homes for as long as possible without moving to a long-term care facility. Simultaneously, there is a need for more suitable, affordable, and secure housing in several countries (Wetzstein, 2017) in both the rental and housing markets. Although “social mix” is reflected in several urban health policies, social sustainability is rarely reflected in government policies. For most housing projects in Western countries, social mix often refers to different income levels and tenures and does not reflect mixing generations or levels of disability. Therefore, housing projects often have high levels of isolation and loneliness among residents (Tereci, 2017). The overall aim of the scoping review will be to provide an overview based on the existing literature on the role of design features that support socially sustainable housing supply, specifically for older adults.

Registration of a systemtic review.

This is an integrative review whose aim is to search the literature for studies of Brazilian non-pharmacological intervention programs for elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, and to analyse whether the selected programs were beneficial for these patients. This review will be guided by the question: “Are there Brazilian programs for older people with Alzheimer's disease?”. Searches will be carried out in the following databases: PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, SciELO, Clinical Trials, Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC), and CAPES Catalog of Theses and Dissertations, considering the last five years (2017-2022). The selected studies will be rigorously analysed by two reviewers, and their data will be presented in a characterization table. A synthesis of the findings will be provided, describing the programs, their objectives and their effects for the older people with Alzheimer’s disease in Brazil.

Protocol for a systematic review of sample characteristics reporting in prospective studies on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) etiology. This includes the analysis of nine diversity variables: age, socioeconomic status (SES), race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, care responsibilities, religion/worldview, mental health, physical health, and disability status.

Integrative Review

To identify and map the range of research available in the literature on the use of artificial intelligence in the context of oral health education for patients.

Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may affect infant and childhood health through immunosuppression. However, the findings of epidemiological literature examining relationships between prenatal/childhood PFAS exposure and vaccine response and infection in humans are still inconclusive. A synthesis and a better understanding of these findings will be attempted via this meta-analysis.

Condititioned pain modulation study using pressure pain and simultaneous brain and spinal cord imaging

Research question: To what extent does trait social anxiety and the use of shaded versus clear eye-tracking glasses influence gaze behavior and physiological responses in natural situations? Methodological Approach: To cover a wide spectrum of trait social anxiety, potential study participants previously complete a screening questionnaire that assesses the presence and severity of DSM-5 criteria for social anxiety disorder. In the study, participants are instructed to take an approximately 30-minute walk. No specific route is given. During the walk, gaze behavior, physiological responses (heart rate and electrodermal activity), and the chosen route are recorded. Participants will receive a mobile eye tracker with shaded or clear lenses with the members of the two groups matched for gender and social anxiety. By doing so we aim to investigate the influence of social desirability on natural gaze behavior. After the walk, participants are asked to wait briefly in the study room with a confederate allegedly being another participant filling out questionnaires. The presence of another person allows the measurement of attentional processes during a natural interaction with a stranger. After a brief waiting period, the confederate initiates a short, scripted interaction with the participant. Afterward, the participants are again asked to complete the screening questionnaire as well as some further questionnaires on social anxiety, autism spectrum traits, and social competence (SPAI, SIAS, AQ-K, ISK-K). To ensure that the participants' behavior occurs spontaneously and intuitively, rather than being controlled top-down, they are told that the eye tracker is used to record pupillary responses and the sports watch is used to measure pulse. In addition, participants are not informed in advance that the waiting situation is also a situation of interest for the current study. Subsequently, all participants will be fully informed about the manipulation, the relevant dependent variables, and the necessity of the experimental procedure. They can then again object to anonymized use and analysis of the data and request their immediate and complete deletion.

Research practices have transformed over the last decade, evolving from large single centred trials to more global trials that promote international collaboration. International trials offer numerous advantages over single-centre including reduced operational costs particularly in developing countries, faster recruitment and expand the horizon for the availability of treatments. Despite their benefits, the process of expanding to multiple sites raises logistical challenges due to the diversity in laws, ethics, guidelines and regulations between countries.

Ankyloglossia is characterized by the presence of a lingual frenulum in a more anterior location than usual, a condition that can affect, to varying degrees, the tongue's movements, having as a consequence breastfeeding problems. Despite the wide variation in the prevalence of ankyloglossia, it was estimated as around 8%. That variation can be explained by the absence of a standardized instrument for its diagnosis. The objective of this work is to identify the current scientific data about the diagnosis of ankyloglossia in newborns and infants through a scoping review. The scope review will be carried out in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Scientific articles describing any methodology used for the ankyloglossia's diagnosis in children up to 2 years of age (newborns and infants) will be included, without restrictions on types of studies, language or years of publication. The searches will be carried out in the Medline /PubMed, Scopus and Embase / Elsevier, Web of Science / Clarivat-analytics databases and in the LILACS / Virtual Health Library (BVS), using the following indexed terms and keywords: Ankyloglossia; lingual frenulum; Newborn; infants. This search strategy will be adapted for each database. A descriptive analysis of ankyloglossia's protocols and diagnostic tools will be performed exploring the main charactheristics.

SCENTinel 1.2 is a rapid smell test developed in the US to detect smell loss in population surveillance (Parma et al., 2021). It is composed of four subtests: odor detection, intensity, identification and hedonic range (Hunter et al., in preparation). Odor identification and hedonic evaluation of the oodors are strongly dependent on the familiarity with such odors, and as a result cultural differences are known to impact the measurement of olfactory abilities. Here, we test the accuracy of 9 versions of the rapid smell test SCENTinel 2.2 in a population of healthy adults and a group of participants with anosmia in Benin City, Nigeria. We compare their results with a group of adults from the US to identify culture-specific differences in the test response patterns. Our main aims with this preregistration are: 1. We will compare the outcome of the odor detection SCENTinel subtest separately between people with normosmia and anosmia in Nigeria. 2. We will compare the outcome of the odor intensity SCENTinel subtest separately between people with normosmia and anosmia in Nigeria. 3. We will compare the outcome of the odor identification SCENTinel subtest separately between people with normosmia and anosmia in Nigeria. 4. We will compare the outcome of the odor hedonic range SCENTinel subtest separately between people with normosmia and anosmia in Nigeria. 5. We will compare the outcome of the overall SCENTinel test separately between people with normosmia and anosmia in Nigeria. 6. We will compare the test-retest reliability to the overall SCENTinel test in people with normosmia in Nigeria. 7. We will compare the outcome of the odor detection SCENTinel subtest between people with normosmia in Nigeria and in the US. 8. We will compare the outcome of the odor intensity SCENTinel subtest between people with normosmia in Nigeria and in the US. 9. We will compare the outcome of the odor identification SCENTinel subtest between people with normosmia in Nigeria and in the US. 10. We will compare the outcome of the overall SCENTinel test between people with normosmia in Nigeria and in the US. 11. We will compare the outcome of the overall SCENTinel test between people with anosmia in Nigeria and in the US.

Background: Rape is a significant and continuing worldwide social and health concern, followed by considerable negative impact on every aspect of an individual’s life. Treatment services are not comprehensive available, whereby group interventions may be an important and cost-effective alternative to individual treatment. Objectives: To explore the primary outcome of psychological distress concerning a group intervention for adult female survivors of rape in a clinical setting. Method: An experimental evaluation design in a clinical setting. The group intervention are based on cognitive therapy, structured around six sessions over six weeks with a specific content focusing on psychoeducation, exposure and cognitive restructuring, tools for coping and peer-support. The primary outcome is Impact of Event Scale (IES-R) measuring psychological distress at baseline and after group participation.

The proposed scoping review aims to gather the literature on (1) the modulating impact of L1/L2 social or situational context on language usage in people with psychosis, (2) the impact of multilingualism on symptom expression in individuals with psychosis, and (3) specific struggles faced by multilinguals with psychosis in navigating social and healthcare systems. In this way, we hope to synthesize the literature from a (1) psycholinguistic, (2) phenomenological, and (3) sociological perspective.

A global shortage of vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised difficult questions about how vaccines should be distributed, placing the issue at the center of much political debate (Kavanagh et al. 2021). COVAX was established as an institution to oversee the equitable distribution of vaccines, but it has not been able to follow through on its mission to facilitate that in the context of COVID-19 (Erondu and Singh 2021). Wealthy countries with vaccines have prioritized their own domestic political considerations, and bilateral relations have also featured strongly in decisions about where to send vaccines. Without more equitable distribution, the SARS-CoV-2 has continued to mutate in countries with low vaccination rates, prolonging the pandemic (Wouters et al. 2021). Because domestic political pressures have limited the willingness of political leaders to share vaccines globally (Kavanagh et al. 2021), this study experimentally tests two strategies for increasing popular support for giving vaccines to foreign countries. First, it assesses whether public opinion becomes more supportive of sharing vaccines following cueing of fairness and equity concerns in vaccine distribution. Second, it assesses whether public opinion becomes more supportive when equitable vaccine distribution is framed as a matter of self-interest for wealthy countries because it will reduce the likelihood of dangerous coronavirus mutations.

This scoping review aims to explore medicine and paramedic students’ experiences of sexual harassment during clinical placement. The review will also explore the adverse effects of sexual harassment as a paramedic and medicine student.

Background: Patients with end-stage heart disease who undergo a heart transplant (HTx) frequently have simultaneous kidney insufficiency, leading to an outcome of reduced survival. Therefore, combined heart and kidney transplantation (HKTx) appears as an effective option for those patients, although the criteria to select what kind of patients would benefit the most by undergoing this procedure remains unclear. It is known that the 5 years survival rate of HKTx recipients is better than those who had heart transplants alone with renal insufficiency. With the better clinical outcomes registered in previous literature, HKTx is becoming a recognized therapy for patients with simultaneous advanced heart failure and end-stage kidney disease. Also, HKTx is significantly expanding in the world of Medicine, with an increased waiting list for this procedure according to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data. However, recent studies comparing HKTx to kidney transplant after heart transplant alone show a significant survival disadvantage for simultaneous multiorgan transplant as opposed to sequential. This suggests that some patients may be better served by deciding to have a renal transplant based on their renal function after the heart transplant alone. This highlights the need for a nationwide policy directed towards identifying those patients who can most benefit from HKTx. Purpose: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to identify which kind of patients had the better outcome by undergoing HKTx, with the great aim of helping to create a selection algorithm for this procedure indication. Research questions: - Which patients would benefit most when going under simultaneous HKTx? - What are the absolute contraindications for HKTx? - Is the simultaneous heart-kidney transplant cost-effective?

The third in a series of studies exploring the opposing forces of nostalgia for an addictive behaviour (i.e., gambling and alcohol) and optimism for a future without addiction, resulting in ambivalence about the recovery process. The current study is longitudinal with two points of data collection separated by one month.

This review focuses on the study of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), a disease that consists of adverse reactions to drugs and herbal and dietary supplements (HDS), with important industry and clinical implications, as it has been responsible for a considerable fraction of drug withdrawals from the market and during drug development. DILI has been traditionally classified into two different entities: intrinsic and idiosyncratic DILI. The first one refers to the predictable, dose-dependent toxicity and it occurs shortly after the patient exceeds a threshold dose. Idiosyncratic DILI is unpredictable, has a longer latency period, and, although a threshold dose is necessary to induce the cascade of events leading to liver damage, it is considered to be non-dose dependent. The uncertainty in the diagnosis of DILI and the lack of complete knowledge about its pathophysiology highlight the need for the establishment and characterization of appropriate DILI models in preclinical research. In this systematic review we aim to list the drugs to be used as positive/negative controls in in vitro hepatotoxicity assays.

Protocol for scoping review

Note: This is an amendment of a previous registration (https://osf.io/tyn9c) with many answers remaining the same. A change of authorship and matching the final title to the submitted manuscript are the main differentiators as well as a few minor clarifications. See: van der Vegt, Gepp, Miller, Farley, and Keogh (2021). Women’s Australian Football Performance Analysis: A Scoping Review. Retrieved from Link: https://osf.io/tyn9c Background. The first women’s Australian football (AF) professional competition was established in 2017, resulting in advancement in performance analysis capabilities within the sport. Given the specific constraints of women’s AF, it is currently unclear what match-play performance analysis methods and techniques are implemented. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review will be to describe and critically appraise physical, technical, and tactical performance analysis methods that have been employed in women’s and girls’ AF match-play. A methods-focused review is to be conducted instead of a results-focused review, as the latter would only represent a snapshot of relationships and outcomes from a specified period that would soon be surpassed, given the game’s developing nature. Results of a methods review will allow the analysis of the appropriateness of research applications and inform future directions by potentially providing practical information for researchers, sports science practitioners, and data analysts, like key performance indicators, methodologies, and research themes, specific to women’s AF.