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Neoplasm metastasis is a multiple-step and multi-level feature that is resistance to current norm of anticancer drugs. More seriously, current anticancer drugs are commonly derived from in vitro tumor cell line data or animal models of primary tumors rather than workable metastatic models reflecting clinical situations. This article provides different aspects of pathologic/pharmacological information and study against neoplasm metastasis.

Human suicide is affected by a great variety of causality. Due to diversities of suicide causalities, suicide predictions and prevention are no easy tasks. This article outlines the history of suicide study, current diagnostic and therapeutic routine, pathogenesis study, new therapeutic models and future directions. This introduction aims to update human suicide study and future aspects of clinical interventions in suicide risk predictions and prevention.

One of the most interesting topics in the field of HIV/AIDS study is the possible relationship between HIV genetic penetrations and disease stages. One decade before, this kind of genomic information is difficult to achieve. Yet, the innovations of next generation sequencing (NGS) have changed this landscape. At present, new generations of bio-therapies target this undesired pathogenic pathways. In this article, we address the relationships between HIV-induced genomic changes across the history and different types of therapeutics have been testified since last decade—including integrate inhibitors, genome editing agents and therapeutic schedules. Future perspectives are also given.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an old disease (Diabetes) in China (over two thousand years) but modern epidemics in western medicines (approximately 100 years). Despite some DM treatment advances, causality, pathogenesis and therapeutics of diabetes is currently too complicated to be easily managed in the clinic. Disease complications (cardiovascular symptoms, vision impairments, nephropathies, chronic leg infections and so on) are more fatal than anti-diabetic control. More importantly, different doctors and pharmaceutical companies often hold different views on DM treatments. To systematically compare between different forms of anti-diabetic therapeutics, new ideas, drug development pipelines, experimental/clinical model establishments and possible future directions are highlighted in this mini-review.

Most cancer therapies are seldom effective by using single anticancer drug therapeutics based on multiple tumor genetic alterations and molecular abnormalities. Drug combinations are commonly practiced in clinics. Yet, anticancer drug combination utilities need to transform from empirical to science-guided enterprises. This editorial offers the background knowledge of drug combination therapies by mathematical enquiry.

Diabetes Mellitus is an old disease but modern epidemics. Despite many improvements and benefits of diabetes mellitus treatments recently, many new and unresolved problems relevant to diabetes mellitus pathogenesis and therapy have been found; in this editorial, new ideas for building update diabetes mellitus therapeutic systems, new drug development pipelines and experimental and clinical models are addressed.

If you want to eradicate deadly virus epidemics, you must clearly understand the origin of this virus. This is a basic issue for anti-HIV vaccines and therapeutics. The HIV origin studies, though limiting, are still one of the leading frontiers in the field of HIV/AIDS researches. This editorial discusses some hypothetic topics devoting to discovery of HIV origin and illustrates different routes of HIV transmissions among human populations.

Diabetes Mellitus is an old disease but modern epidemics. Despite many improvements and benefits of diabetes mellitus treatments recently, many new and unresolved problems relevant to diabetes mellitus pathogenesis and therapy have been found; Pathogenesis and treatments study of diabetes currently is complicated and imperfect. Disease complications, such as cardiovascular symptoms, vision impairments, nephropathy, chronic leg infections etc are even more fatal than hyperglycemia control; Moreover, drug toxicities owing to long-term utilization of many chemical agents and drugs are equally harmful for patients. Furthermore, different doctors and drug manufactures hold different views on diabetes mellitus treatment options and financial interesting distributions. In this editorial, new ideas for building update diabetes mellitus therapeutic systems, new drug development pipelines and experimental and clinical models, possible future directions are proposed, addressed and highlighted.

Cancer is different diseases with a common pathological feature of unlimited growth. Aim of this perspective is to update current and future individualized cancer therapy methods and results, and give new directs to improve. Present understanding and predictions of drug responses to tumor growth or metastases and anticancer drug toxicities to patients are not well-formed, but there are two ways of receiving these types of information from tumors; (i) drug sensitivity testing; (ii) the detection tumor genetic, transcription and molecular information—bioinformatics of cancer cells or patients. Individualized Cancer Therapy (ICT) has been designed to meet the requirement of selecting anticancer drugs in clinics and attracting increasing attentions in medical circle and will be irreversible trend in the future. The survival of cancer patients can be improved by many existing specific strategies of ICT, including drug sensitivity testing, cancer molecular biomarker detections, cancer biomarker-oriented therapy, anticancer drug pharmacogenetics, cancer metastasis therapy, drug combinations and cost-effective of ICT.

Most cancers have multiple genetic alterations or abnormalities. It is seldom very useful by only using one anticancer drug. Human cancer is a refractory and resistant disease, and like HIV virus, it might need anticancer drug cocktail instead single drugs to dramatically control the progresses of the disease. Anticancer drug cocktail might be one of the good solutions for anticancer chemotherapy. How to combine use of anticancer drugs is a new problem and area of anticancer drug therapy. This editorial addresses this problem in depth.

AIDS (acquired immune deficient syndrome) is a human infectious disease. AIDS patients, if not be treated, commonly suffer a gradual loss of human immune-defensive functions and finally die of infectious complications within 2 years after AIDS symptoms occur in patients. AIDS patients can be treated with a series of anti-viral drugs to decrease the virus-load and slow the pace of deadest symptoms of AIDS and prolong life-spans of patients by high active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Even though HAART is very effective, HIV/AIDS patients can not be cured by HAART. And there are a lot of drawbacks in this therapy. Many new ways have been designed for HIV/AIDS therapy. In this editorial, we will address these challenges and treatment options to possible cure all HIV/AIDS patients.

More than 90% of cancer deaths are caused by cancer metastasis. Since cancer metastasis is the main cause of human deaths, antimetastatic treatment should be decisive factor for patients’ survival. Current cancer chemotherapy is mainly targeted on primary tumors and late stage patients’ survival has improved very little. It is suggested to improve the outcome of chemotherapy of cancer patients from different possible ways; e.g. to make more efforts to manufacture new types of antimetastatic drugs and optimize use of antimetastatic drugs in clinics. This review will describe how to optimized use of antimetastatic drugs in clinics.

Why and how our living-bodies, such as human beings, have originated from a barely non-life planet into the highly-intelligent life existing Earth, and have been interested and pursued by large population of readers and investigators. Based on evolution of Darwin’s arguments, some detailed evolutionary theories and steps have been renewed and discussed by modern evolutionists and investigators, including the evolutionary step of first genetic information replication. It seems to be a major topic of life origin [1].

During the early 1990s, emergence of patients’ suicide receiving antidepressant, especially in children was reported [1]. By enter into this millennium, the US and European regulatory agencies began implementing verification programs to assess the influence on suicidal behavior from the use of antidepressants such as SSRIs [2-4], drug’s safety in patients has renewed as a criteria indispensable for approving or withdrawing a new drug. Just following this dilemma, we hypothesized that human’s genetic makeup might affect the occurrence of suicide in patients receiving antidepressants [5]. Now many reports support the argument that human’s genetic makeup also decides antidepressant-induced suicide [6,7]. The question is how to pinpoint genetic involvement in antidepressant-induced suicide. There are many controversial in solving this technical problem.

Why and how our living-bodies, such as human beings, have been originated from a barely non-life planet into the highly-intelligent life existing Earth have been interested and pursued by large population of readers and investigators. Apart from evolution of Darwin’s arguments, [1]some detailed evolutionary theories and steps have been stated and discussed by modern evolutionists and investigators, including the evolutionary step of first genetic information duplication. There has been DNA-, RNA- and protein-originated evolution hypotheses regarding the first genetic information having been duplicated and translated. There were lot of experimental data can be used to support two possibilities of genetic material duplication. For example, we simulate genetic information duplication in the presence of one type of genetic materials. But this likes “chicken-or-the-egg” dilemma concerning which genetic polymer comes first and we cannot tell which is true [2]. Since genetic information duplication is the foremost important step to copy a life with integrity and persistency, it is widely accepted that this process is a crucial step in evolution progression for life creation. In this article, we try to overview these hypotheses and discuss one of the crucial factors for evolution, formation rate or turnover speeds of different genetic materials (DNA, RNA and protein), to further suggest an important role RNA may take in life origin on Earth. Also, we try to discuss one of strategies of justifying these hypothesis and theory of whether through DNA, RNA, or protein-based lifeevolution by using simulating system of different “prehistoric broths” and discover their relations by simulated calculations.

AIDS (acquired immune deficient syndrome) is a human infectious disease. AIDS patients, if not be treated, commonly suffer a gradual loss of human immune-defensive functions and finally die of infectious complications within 2 years after AIDS symptoms occur in patients. AIDS patients can be treated with a series of anti-viral drugs to decrease the virus-load and slow the pace of occurrence AIDS and ameliorate the symptoms of immune deficient and prolong the life-spans of patients by high active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Even though HAART is very effective, HIV/AIDS patients cannot be cured by HAART. And there are a lot of precautious for this therapy. There are a plethora of reasons behind these phenomena. In this review, we will detail address this problem and try to give new directions.

Why and how our living-bodies, such as human beings, have been originated from a barely non-life planet into the highly-intelligent life existing Earth have been interested and pursued by large population of readers and investigators. The main genetic material that leads to origin of life is the longstanding-dispute among researchers. There are three main categories of life origin theories, RNA world, alternative RNA world, and we herein suggest a new cooperative model of most genetic materials participation system based on our new systematic and logic deduction.

More than 90% cancer deaths are caused by cancer metastasis. As cancer metastasis is the main cause of human deaths, we shall pay more attentions on it. Currently, treatment and chemotherapy are focused on primary tumors rather than metastatic processes. Antimetastatic drugs are often used as assistant therapy. So cancer patients’ survivals have been improved very little. To change this mindset, we highlight this problem by giving new perspectives and try to improve the outcome of chemotherapy of cancer patients from different possible ways. Human cancer metastasis is a long-evolving, multi-steps process that can only be treated or controlled by drugs or immuno-modulators by now. Human neoplasm metastasis, at least a month-long course, encompasses several different substages and affects or being affected by numerous genes and molecules. We have found that each drug or immuno-modulator might act differently within the various stages of a metastatic course. We, therefore, suggest that future antimetastatic therapy should be strategically optimized according to characteristics of metastatic processes in order to reach maximum therapeutic benefits. In this view, we propose, address and support this issue by using past literature evidence, our experimentations and existing biological, anatomical and pathologic characteristics.