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Objective: To determine the prevalence and associated factors with the maternal delay in seeking emergency obstetrics services among pregnant women, Arsi Zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia, 2016.Methods: A Facility based Cross-sectional study design using a quantitative method was conducted at public health facilities of Arsi Zone. Sample size, 847 was determined using a single population proportion formula. A total of 10 health centers which provide obstetric care selected randomly and sample size proportionally allocated to each facility. Data entered in Epi Info version 3.3.2 software and exported to SPSS version 20 for statistical analysis. p

Introduction: Operative delivery is defined as any procedures carry out to facilitate the delivery of the infant. Globally in, 2010, an estimated 18.5 million Cesarean Section (CS) are carry out each year. In Ethiopia, large proportion of the population be lacking in access to essential obstetric care including CS. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and its associated factors among women undergone operative delivery at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia, 2017. Methods and materials: This study conducted in Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Southern Ethiopia from June to August, 2017. Retrospective record review study was conducted over the past three year’s period from June 2014-June 2016 G.C. Mothers who gave birth over the past three years were the study population. A systematic random sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants. The sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula and a total of 414 study participants were used. Logistic regression was carried out to identify factors associated with women undergone operative delivery. Adjusted odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals and p=35 years than 15-24 years. Conclusions and recommendations: Significant proportion of women practiced operative delivery. Age of women, gestational age and antepartum hemorrhage were main factors with women undergone operative delivery. Emphasis needs to be given women in the group of 25-34 and >=35 years.

Characteristics of hidden populations (e.g. population of injection drug users) cannot be studied using standard sampling and estimation procedures. This article considers methods for estimating the population proportion of hidden population using social network. We compare the sampling and estimation technique of respondent-driven sampling with the simplified sampling procedure based on Markov-chain model and discusses the equivalence of these procedures. These procedures fail to provide formulae for estimating the variances of their estimators due to the complexities of their methods. We describe a simplified sampling procedure for collecting data on both the population and its social network, and provide a simple formula to estimate the population proportion efficiently. We further derive a formula to compute an estimate of the variance of the proposed estimator using the delta method. Simulation study is provided to illustrate the new sampling and estimation method.

Background: A range of environmental determinants of health play a key role in disease burden, particularly in developing countries. The quality of environment greatly associated with the health status and living standards of population. The aim of the study was to assess socio-demographic characteristics and environmental health aspects of Kometa sub-locality. Methods: The study was conducted in Kometa sub-locality, Mizan-Aman town, south west Ethiopia from September to October, 2014. A Community based socio-demographic and environmental health survey was conducted. The sample was systematically drawn from all permanent residents of Kometa locality and the sample size was 384 which was determined by using single population proportion formula. The data were collected by well-structured standard questionnaires and entered electronically. Result: The male represented 48.57% of participants and the mean age of individuals was 21.26 ± 14.72 years. Generally, 96(48.5%) of households were adequately accessing TV and Radio program but the rest were lacking. Housing structures with corrugated iron sheet was 171(86.36%) followed by concrete 14(7%) and thatched 9(4.6%). About two-third (63.64%) had good illumination. The type of kitchen in every houses also analyzed as 171(88%) separate, 11(5.6%) main house, and 7(3.6%) attached type of kitchen facility. Approximately 192(97.5%) of study participants report showed that they had sanitary facility whether it be private, neighbor-owned, or communal services. Of these, 183(94.8%) were private-owned latrine but only 5(2.5%) of households had totally no latrine. Among the sample 68.4% of households were disposing in open field, 53(27%) in pit, and 6(3%) use municipal services. The majority of water sources 132(66.7%) were located within average distance of less than 10 meters. However, a few households travelled more than 70 meters to fetch water Conclusion: The housing conditions in this survey were predominantly substandard. Water consumption of greater than half of households in this survey was received from unprotected sources. There was unsanitary disposal of solid wastes from domestic activity. Many interventional measures that target increased accessibility of water services and preventing those causes of high risk problems effectively safeguards population.

Background: Young people between the age of 15 and 24 years are both the most threatened globally, accounting for half of all new cases of HIV and the greatest hope for turning the tide against AIDS. Ethiopia is among the highly HIV/AIDS infected and affected countries with 790,000 HIV patients in the world in general and the region in particular. As is the case elsewhere in Africa, transmission is almost exclusively through heterosexual contact. A large proportion of new HIV infection is occurring in young people less than 25 years old. The objective of this study was to assess factors influences school youth exposure to HIV/AIDS, in mettu town. Methods: School based cross-sectional study was employed. Sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula and 423 youths from grade nine to twelve was selected by Simple random sampling technique from registration books. Self-administered questionnaires were employed. All explanatory variables that were associated with the outcome variable during bivariate analysis were included in the final logistic model. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was made to identify factors that influence school youths exposure to HIV/AIDS at the p-value of

Background: The discovery of blood circulation in 1628 has made an important mile stone in the history of transfusion medicine. Although the first successful blood transfusion occurred in 1818, scientists had put quite a lot of effort earlier than this period. Despite the fact that blood transfusion service has about 200 years of history, there is still a significance shortage of blood and blood products particularly in the developing world. In 2010 the annual blood demand of Ethiopia was estimated to be about 100,000 units per year, yet 44 686 units of blood were collected by the Ethiopian Red Cross Society in the same year. Of which, only 22% were collected from voluntary non remunerated sources. Health care providers could also be a potential source of voluntary blood donation if we encourage them. Objective: to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of health care providers in Addis Ababa health facilities towards voluntary blood donation and identify the possible determinants of blood donation practice Methods: Facility based cross sectional analytic study was used. To select the participants and determine the sample size, multistage sampling technique with a design effect of two was employed; hence the total sample size became 808 using single population proportion formula. Structured questionnaire which is adapted from other published journals were used. The data collected were cleaned, coded and entered to computer. SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis and management. 95% confidence level with 5% margin of error was tolerated. Result: The level of knowledge determined in this study was found to be good for 72.7% of the respondents. Availability of blood transfusion services within the facility is one of the factors which affect the level knowledge of the participants. 81.7% of respondents have a positive attitude towards blood donation and being male increases the odds of favorable attitude. 32.6% has ever donated blood at least once in their life time yet only less than half of the overall donors are donated blood based on sense of voluntarism. Conclusions and recommendations: although there was a good level of favorable attitude observed in this study, the level of knowledge as well as the practice of blood donation is found to be something that needs attention. Perhaps to create more awareness and sensitization among health care workers to wards voluntary blood donation would be worthy to improve them.

Background: Breastfeeding is an important public health strategy for improving infant and child morbidity and mortality, improving maternal morbidity, and helping to control health care costs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommend that every infant should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, with breastfeeding continuing for up to two years of age or longer. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was employed. Sample size was determined by using single population proportion formula and four hundred three lactating mothers who have breastfed for 6 months and up to two years was selected by Simple random sampling technique. All explanatory variables that were associated with the outcome variable during bivariate analysis were included in the final logistic model. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was made to identify the predictors of maternal knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding practices. Results: The mean duration of exclusive breast feeding among woman in the study subjects was 5.87 months with standard error of 0.025. The prevalence of exclusive breast feeding is 305(82.2%). Three hundred thirty seven (90.8%) of mothers were Knowledgeable. The actual practice of exclusive breast feeding was 305(82.2%). Among the total variables which were included in the analysis only three variables shows positive association with mothers EBF status. These are knowledge of EBF, ANC follow up and women occupation. House wife women were two times more likely exclusively breast feed their child comp aired to those employed (OR=2.42 CI=1.36, 4.33 P value=0.022). Conclusion and Recommendations: The study finding implies there is a gap between the current knowledge and actual practice of exclusive breast feeding in line with the WHO recommendations. Therefore, collaborative efforts have to be exerted at different levels, relevant stake holders, health providers together with the community to improve the situation.

Background: Globally, millions of women and newborns suffer from illness related to pregnancy and childbirth each year as result of low maternity care services utilization with higher share being from poor countries. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Debre Tabor town from February 20 to March 21, 2013. Three hundred and seventeen women who gave birth one year prior to the study period participated in the study. The sample size was determined by single population proportion formula with assumption of 95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error. We used a pretested structured questionnaire for data collection. Five diploma-graduated trained data collectors and one BSC graduate supervisor collected the data. We entered data in to computer by Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS 20 for window. The associations between variables were analyzed by simple and multiple logistic regressions. Results: The Antenatal Care (ANC) utilization level in the study area was 55.7%. Only 2.6% of the respondents had adequate ANC services. 20.8% of the participants had early ANC visit while 10.1% of them had sufficient contents of care. 14.3% had adequate number of ANC visits. The main predictors of ANC utilization were educational status of mothers, plan of pregnancy, decision-making power of mother on ANC utilization, prior experience of abortion and stillbirth. Conclusion: In conclusion, the overall ANC utilization level was low. Educational status, decision-making power and monthly income were found to affect ANC utilization. Hence, it was recommended that the responsible bodies should strive improve the decision-making power of women by increasing opportunities for women education.