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An analysis of empirical material as well as the literature shows that the educational system, especially the level of education, plays a decisive role in the modern world. To a large extent, it also determines the labour market situation and decides on the level and distribution of wages. As it is shown by the studies conducted in the paper, the size of salary and wage distribution strongly correlates with the level of education. The structural changes occurring in the Polish economy, especially the modernization of the economy, technological advances and a significant increase in enrolment ratio led to a significant increase in wage differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]