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A pre-treatment process was evaluated in this work for wastewater from paper recycling using microwave technology followed by rapid precipitation of contaminants through centrifugation. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used to analyze and optimize the turbidity values. Thirty experimental runs were utilized including microwave (MW) power, duration, centrifuge time, and centrifuge speed as input variables, generated by the Central Composite Full Design (CCFD) approach. The experimental turbidity ranged from 8.1 to 19.7 NTU, while predicted values ranged from 8.4 to 19.7 NTU by ANN. The ANN model showed a robust prediction performance with low mean squared error values during training and testing. Moreover, high R² values showed a remarkable agreement between the experimental observations and ANN predictions. The results obtained from the input values (A:150.00, B:60.00, C:15.00, D:30.00) of sample 2, which gave the lowest turbidity value, showed the most removal of pollution. The results obtained from the input values (A:250.00, B:60.00, C:7.00, D:20.00) of sample 30, which gave the highest turbidity value, showed the least removal of pollution. The results showed that increasing RPM and time of the centrifugation process significantly affected the removal of pollution in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US and the EU have adopted contrasting pathways in their pursuit of increased sustainability. This editorial highlights such contrasts with respect to paper and nonwovens products. The American way, at least at the federal level, depends on consumer input, which can have an impact on corporate decisions and practices. Progress with respect to sustainability in the European Union has a higher reliance upon regulations. Each approach has merits as well as deficiencies. A regulation-dependent approach sometimes just moves problems to other parts of the world. A consumer-driven approach does not have a good way to deal with a need for systematic change, such as systems to recycle textile and nonwoven materials. It follows that a combined approach, involving both consumer demand and regulations, can be recommended as a most effective path forward. In addition, applications of artificial intelligence have potential to reconcile societal needs with future industrial practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and cationic starch (CS) were evaluated as coating components relative to the physical and mechanical properties of fluting papersheets fabricated from recycled corrugated cardboard fibers. Fabricated fluting papers were subjected to size press applications by three different coating blends. Coating suspensions were prepared at various concentrations of CNF (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and 4 wt% CS, and the same amounts of CS/CNF. The paper sheets were fabricated using size press machine as three-time repetitive applications, followed by one-time drying section, and compared to uncoated, CScoated, and CNF-coated papers. The application of CNF suspensions increased tensile indices up to 11.7%. Moreover, CS/CNF suspensions resulted in a 67.2% increase in tensile index values. The coating of CS/CNF suspensions increased the burst index values by 163% at the CS+1%CNF concentration when compared to the control pulp. Surface application of prepared suspensions reduced the porosity of the samples under all conditions. The highest reduction in the air permeability was observed in the CS+4%CNF-coated samples as 91.5%. It can be concluded that the superficial applications of CNF on the physical and mechanical properties of recycled fluting paper was more effective in the presence of CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high wastepaper recyclability and water-loop system closure, packaging paper mills struggle with increased fines, causing runnability issues. Cellulase enzymes are a preferred treatment choice for the improvement of the pulp refining in stock preparation area but are not widely used or easy to introduce in the production process. Different cellulase enzymes were tested, and those with the highest activity were introduced to the white-water (WW) samples with the aim to reduce fines content as potentially new enzyme applications on the paper machine. The first portion of the study involved the development of an experiment model to find and confirm the optimal enzyme process parameters (40 °C, pH 5.7, reaction time 3 h, and 0.18%v/v enzyme addition) for laboratory made white-water. The second portion of the study included turbidity, colloidal charge, flow cytometry (FCM), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis on industrial and laboratory made white-water samples at optimized process parameters. Obtained results corresponded to reduced fines content in white-water samples, which justified commercial usage of cellulase enzymes on recycled paper machine short loop and potentially increased machine runnability without negative influence on wastewater treatment plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of size press coating on two types of recycled papers using different types of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and cationic starch (CS) on physical and mechanical properties. Wheat straw was used as a cellulose source, and NFC was obtained through oxidative and enzymatic pretreatments. Recycled fluting and coreboard papers were coated with cationic starch/NFC blends at various concentrations of NFC (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) using a three-time repetitive size press application, followed by one-time drying section, and compared to uncoated papers. The application of a coating suspension containing 4% periodate-oxidized NFC on both paper surfaces resulted in a significant improvement in the tensile index, burst index, and internal bond strength of the papersheets, with increases of up to 60.6%, 96.3%, and 119.9%, respectively. Furthermore, significant decreases in air permeability were also observed with reductions of 75% and 81.6% for coreboard and fluting papers, respectively. Compared to other pretreatment methods, periodate oxidation resulted in higher viscosity values in NFC samples. Therefore, the application of periodate-oxidized NFC with a size press resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical and barrier properties of papers made from recycled pulps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical surface modification is one method for enhancing the mechanical and barrier properties of packaging paper. The NaOH/urea solvent system has been deemed an effective, inexpensive, and costeffective solvent for paper modification and cellulose dissolution due to its unique self-reinforcing qualities and the fact that it can be utilized on an industrial scale, although it is ineffective for porous paper and requires preor post-treatment. This study examined the influence of acid as a posttreatment on the surface modification of paper with NaOH/urea to improve properties relative to packaging uses. The results indicated that NaOH/urea modification on OCC as a semi-crystalline material did not result in materials with superior resistance and barrier qualities. While acid treatment increased tensile and burst strength and air permeability, it was ineffective at increasing tear strength. Properties of control, NaOH/urea treatment, and acidic post treatment papers were respectively 33.31, 29.4, and 37.46 mn/g in the tensile index, 1.7, 1.58, and 1.74 Kpa.m2/g in burst index, 9.94, 9.07 and 8.87 mn.m2/g in tear index, 2.04, 1.34 and 1.32 s-1 in smoothness, 37.2, 38.2 and 45.4 s in air resistance, and 77.5, 90.8 and 80.5 water absorption. Therefore, with or without acidic posttreatment, the sheets became hydrophilic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled fibers are essential raw materials used by the paper industry. However, the strength of the formed paper may fall off excessively after several cycles of reuse of the fibers. Herein, the authors measured the changes in physical properties and fiber size after multiple recycling of fibers and prepared a handsheet from fiber recycled different times. Then the handsheets made with fibers that had been recycled 5 times were double-coated with nanocellulose derivatives to obtain oleophobic and hydrophobic paper. The first layer applied to the paper was cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and the second coating contained polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and CNF (CNFmp). The physical properties and barrier performance of coated paper were greatly improved compared to recycling paper. The water contact angle of the coated paper was as high as 139.8° and the Cobb60 value was 35.18±2.15 g/m2. The oil contact angle was 97.1°, and the oil kit number was 12/12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled fibers used in the manufacturing of paper and board are associated with strength deficiencies. This study investigated the use of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFBTEMPO) for reinforcing papers made from such fibers. Strength properties of tensile and tear were enhanced with the addition of OPEFB-TEMPO, with strong correlations, as indicated by the R² values. The reinforcement capability was supported by the scattering coefficient-percent relationship. The only drawback of the nanocellulose addition is that it reduces pulp drainability, which can be minimized by adding drainage aids. Because only a relatively small amount is required, OPEFB-TEMPO has the potential to be used as paper strengthening agent, particularly in the production of low grammage papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing demand for eco-friendly, inexpensive sound absorbers, this study investigated composites made from recycled paper pulp and urea-formaldehyde adhesive. By varying the pulp contents, five samples from used copy paper and five samples from used corrugated board were fabricated. For the same type of porous absorber, one with a lower bulk density has a higher total porosity, resulting in a higher sound absorption coefficient (SAC) spectrum. Sound-absorbing performance of copy paper composites with bulk densities below 442.4 kg/m³ and corrugated board composites with densities of less than 474.8 kg/m³ can be alternatives to commercial polyurethane foam of the same thickness. The noise reduction coefficient (NRC), as well as the average SAC of all corrugated board composites at medium (αM) and high (αH) frequencies were greater than those of copy paper composites. However, the average SAC at low frequency (αL) was not explicitly different for copy paper and corrugated board composites. In conclusion, corrugated board composites are a better candidate as sound absorbers than copy paper composites with the same pulp content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though the recycling of paper and paperboard is quite successful when compared to the recycling of other resources, there are many things to improve. Recovering the used paper and paperboard without contamination and sending it back to the papermill that produced it would enhance the recycling potential and efficiency of recovered fiber resources. Close collaboration between a paper and packaging company and a logistics company has made a big improvement in recycling and achieved the circular economy of fiber resources. It is time to find better ways to collaborate, thereby improving our capability to keep our planet green. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme cocktails can alter the lignin and hemicellulose content in wood cell walls, improving the bleaching process during pulp production and offsetting the need for toxic chemicals. In this study, brown pulp was biobleached with a mixture of crude fungal extracts rich in xylanase and laccase, respectively produced from Aspergillus tamarii Kita and Trametes versicolor on waste materials. The optimal conditions for biobleaching were a mixture of xylanase and laccase crude extracts (1 to 2 v/v), at a temperature of 36 °C and a pH of 5.5. The treated brown cellulose pulp showed a reduction in the Kappa number by 1.83 points, representing an efficiency of 20.3%. In addition, the brightness increased by 4.65 points in comparison to the control. Hence, studies involving the application of the standardized cocktail during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic residues, e.g., barley residue and sugarcane bagasse, led to the formation of 85 g/L and 25 g/L of reducing sugars, respectively. Moreover, the standardized cocktail caused greater deinking of the recycled paper pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research aims to shed light on the effect of activated sludge (from a paper mill) and nanochitosan on the physical and strength properties of recycled pulp. Firstly, activated sludge was treated with 3% acetic acid for 30 min and then placed in a beaker for 90 min at 100 °C. Then, the ingredients were mixed and refined with recycled newsprint pulp in different proportions (0, 5, 10, and 15%). Finally, 2% nanochitosan was optionally added. Test specimens were prepared according to TAPPI standards with a basis weight of 120 g/m2, and their physical (water absorption) and strength (tear strength, tensile strength, burst strength, and ring crush test) properties were measured and compared. The results showed that with the increase of untreated activated sludge in recycled paper pulp, the indicators of tear resistance, ring crush test, and burst strength decreased and water absorption increased. Strength properties increased and water adsorption decreased when adding activated sludge treated with 3% acetic acid. Through the addition of nanochitosan to activated sludge treated with acetic acid, a significant increase in strength properties and a decrease in water absorption were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing accumulation of wastes around the world, the demand for sustainable products is increasing. Paper is a commonly disposed of material that can pose problems even when it is recycled. The concept of using cardboard (CB) as a material for furniture production has been around for many years, but CB furniture does not last long. This study examined the feasibility of using post-consumer recycled paper to produce paper-based boards for furniture design. Cardboard (CB) and office paper (OP) were the main post-consumer materials that were used. The CB and OP were mixed with polylactic acid (PLA) and limestone. The boards were made at a temperature of 200 °C and pressed at a pressure of 3.5 N/mm2 using a single opening hydraulic press. The physical and mechanical properties were tested according to the European standards for woodbased panels. Tests that are critical for furniture parts, such as the modulus of rupture (MOR), the modulus of elasticity (MOE), the internal bond, the screw withdrawal resistance, the thickness swelling, and the water absorption were examined. The paperboard samples exceeded some of the requirements for the general use of boards for interior fitments (including furniture) for use in dry conditions (Type P2) and for non-load bearing boards for use in humid conditions (Type P3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic-oxic (AO) systems have been extensively adopted for the biological treatment of wastewater from recycled paper mills, which is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations and contains hundreds of organic compounds. In this study, an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) served as the anaerobic treatment of recycled paper mill wastewater. Then, either a sequential batch reactor (SBR) ora sequential batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) were adopted as aerobic treatment to treat the UASB effluent respectively. Parameters such as COD, BOD5, and TSS were measured to compare the treatment performance of SBR and the SBBR. After 80 days’ operation, COD removal efficiency of SBR and SBBR were 21.79 ± 3.4% and 38.38 ± 2.69%respectively; TSS removal efficiencies were 20.84 ± 5.15%and 47.02 ± 5.84%respectively. The results indicated that SBR was effective for removing residual organic matter in UASB effluent. However, SBBR showed significant advantages for the removal of COD and total suspended solids (TSS), which are ascribed to the effective biomass retention and biofiltration of SBBR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effluent found in the pulp and paper industry can cause considerable damage if it is discharged untreated, because of the high biochemical and chemical oxygen demands. Electrocoagulation is a physicochemical process widely used in industrial wastewater treatment. The removal of different pollutants depends on the sample type and operating conditions. The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of an electrocoagulation system for COD removal from recycled paper production effluent via aluminum and iron electrodes. Different operational parameters, such as the electrolysis time (5 min to 15 min), current density (7 A/m² to 11 A/m²), and distance between each electrode (5 mm to 20 mm), were evaluated. The turbidity, total suspended solids, chlorides, sulfates, and COD had removal efficiencies of 92.7%, 91.3%, 70.4%, 66.6%, and 64%, respectively. A polynomial model was generated to estimate the optimum conditions for COD removal. The optimum times for the current densities 7 A/m², 8 A/m², 9 A/m², 10 A/m², and 11 A/m² were 39.5 min, 39.5 min, 35.7 min, 34.1 min, and 32.8 min, respectively, with a 15-mm electrode gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the development of a method to prepare nanocrystalline cellulose (NCCs) from laser-printed waste paper using factorial design 2³ experiments by controlled acid hydrolysis of the waste paper. The method applies high gain ultrasound and subsequent flotation, washing, and bleaching stages. Characterization of the raw material, prepared pulp, test sheets, and NCCs is presented. Optimum conditions to obtain high quality NCCs were found to be 65% acid, for 40 min time of treatment, and residual load in the range of 130 to 570 mmol/kg of NCCs. The obtained NCCs were 80 to 700 nm long depending on the acid hydrolysis conditions. They exhibited high values of whiteness (90.3% Elrepho), α-cellulose contents (95%), degree of polymerization (731), viscosity (9.59 cP), and chemical compositions similar to that of Whatman paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the safety of thermochromic inks for offset lithography in deinked pulp samples is a major area of investigation. In this study, three offset inks were analyzed - one that dries by absorption and two that dry by oxypolymerization of vegetable oils. Inks were printed separately on strips of white uncoated paper, and the prints were recycled by chemical deinking flotation. Thermochromic inks, handsheets, filter pads, and process waters obtained from deinking were tested for the presence of heavy metals, while concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), total organic compounds, and antimicrobial agents were examined in handsheets and filter pads. The concentration of heavy metals cations was determined from ashes of undeinked and deinked pulp handsheets as well as from ashes of blank paper, flotation froth, and process water filtrates. BPA originates from thermochromic inks, and a 50% reduction of BPA was noticed in the samples after flotation. Considering the results, deinked pulp is undesirable due to the presence of BPA. Despite the presence of BPA, there was no release of toxic components from deinked pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycled paper is an important raw material to provide sustainability of natural resources and reduce the environmental impact of the use of paper from recycled pulp in the packaging industry. Hence, recycled paper production is higher in terms of volume and utilization. Recycled paper products are used in the packaging industry partially or fully. Such usage leads to the presence of heavy metals due to recycled and chemical additive sources. The present study aims at determining the amounts and also identifying the sources of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cu contained in recycled testliner (TL) and fluting (FLT), which are main products used in production of corrugated cardboard. The metals in the structure of the paper used in packages directly or indirectly in contact with foods are heavy metals. Mean values of 2.6 mg kg-1 Pb (lead), 2.8 mg kg-1 Zn (zinc), 0.094 mg kg-1 Cd (cadmium), 1.8 mg kg-1 Ni (nickel), and 25.4 mg kg-1 Cu (copper) were detected in test liner and fluting papers using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The main sources of heavy metals are colorants, mainly consisting of conventional paint and pigments as well as spot and Pantone Matching System (PMS) colorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending the limits of paper recycling by increasing the number of recycling cycles results in decreased mechanical properties due to the irreversible hornification of cellulose fibers. This process alters the fiber structure and properties because of the repeated chemical and mechanical treatments that occur during wetting and drying. As a result, poor tensile strength is the main source of customer complaints to paper manufacturers. Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from bleached eucalyptus and pine pulps were investigated as potential strength additives because of their proven contribution to interfiber bonding. These results were compared to the results obtained using different families of strength additives. The effects on the mechanical properties of recycled old corrugated containers were studied by measuring bursting, tensile, and short span compressive strength. Cellulose nanofibers and cationic polyacrylamide (cPAM) improved the mechanical strength properties when they were added at doses around 4 wt.%. A combination of CNF and cPAM was also tested. The effects of the combined additives were not as high as expected compared to the results achieved individually. The CNF from pine pulp resulted in the highest increase in bursting index when combined with cPAM, achieving an increase of over 93%. The combination of CNF from eucalyptus pulp and cPAM increased the bursting index over 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic rosin has many uses in papermaking; however, its performance as an internal sizing agent differs depending on the circumstance, especially in the recycling of pulps. In this study, a comprehensive laboratory approach was used to investigate the process variables affecting the cationic rosin application in the paper recycling process. In this respect, four levels of alum (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) and four levels of cationic rosin (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) were considered to find the best alum/cationic rosin combination in acidic conditions (pH 5). After considering all aspects of the paper, such as the mechanical properties (tensile, burst, and tear indices), wet resistance (Cobb test and dynamic contact angle test), and chemical usage (economically and environmentally-friendly procedures), the 1.0% alum and 0.5% cationic rosin levels were selected for optimum performance. This research also showed that the combined effect of alum with cationic rosin was favorable. Moreover, the sequence of alum and cationic rosin addition, which is a challenge in paper mills, also should be considered. The results indicated that the addition of cationic rosin after alum obtained the best mechanical and wet resistance results. In addition, the results showed that both acidic and neutral pH were acceptable in this sizing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn stalk, an agricultural waste, was valorized by the production of cellulose nanofibers (CNF), which were tested for improving recycled paper properties. CNF from eucalyptus kraft pulp (E-CNF) was used as a reference. Addition of 0.5% wt. CNF produced from corn organosolv pulp (C-CNF) to recycled paper increased the tensile index by 20%, whereas the same improvement with E-CNF was achieved at 1.5% wt. Tensile index was further enhanced by increasing the E-CNF, whereas C-CNF achieved its maximum effect at this dose. Different recycled furnish compositions were studied to evaluate C-CNF as a product additive. CCNF improved tensile strength in all the different recycled furnishes studied. The tensile index improvement caused by C-CNF did not depend on the proportions of old newspaper and old magazine paper used. Addition of C-CNF to recycled corrugated board fluting increased the tensile strength, but to a slightly lower extent than in the case of recycled newsprint paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling and deinking processes cause fiber damage because of hornification phenomena and increased external fibrillation. Mechanical refining has been used for many years to enhance the mechanical properties of paper. Biorefining of pulp using enzymes is receiving increasing interest for energy reduction at the refining step of the papermaking process. Moreover, enzymes have also been used for the enhancement of mechanical properties without affecting the drainage rate. As an alternative to mechanical refining treatment, a combination of an enzymatic treatment and cellulose nanofibril (CNF) addition was explored to enhance the mechanical properties of paper. The tests were carried out on a deinked pulp (DIP) suspension made of 50% old newspapers (ONP) and 50% old magazines (OMG). Various enzyme charges and CNF amounts were added to the mixture of ONP and OMG. All pulps (treated and untreated) were characterized from a morphological point of view, and the paper sheets made thereof were mechanically characterized. The combination of the enzymatic treatment with the addition of 3% CNF provided sufficient tensile strength for the paper to be used in high-performance applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice straw cellulosic ethanol fermentation waste (CEFW) and municipal solid waste derived fiber (MSWF) were used as alternative fibers for recycled paper making. The fibers were mixed with old newspaper (ONP) fiber at different mass ratios to produce standard recycled papers and paperboards. A "green" adhesive binder derived from kraft black liquor (BLDB) was used to improve the physical properties of the wastederived paper products. The values of these properties increased linearly with increasing average fiber lengths, regardless of the type of fiber used in the products. BLDB improved the physical properties of the products by 50% for papers and 85% for paperboards, and the performance of this binder was comparable to a commercial urea formaldehyde resin binder. Thermal pressing, however, did not improve the physical properties of the binder-enhanced paper products. With the addition of the adhesive binder, CEFW and MSWF showed reasonable substitution potential for ONP fiber by providing suitable tensile and bursting strength in the recycled paper products. The critical fiber length, which produced the minimum strength properties for the recycled paper products, was approximately 1020 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulosic fibers from cotton fibers (CF), recycled writing papers (RWP), recycled newspapers (RN), and macerated woody fibers of Leucaena leucocephala (MWFL) were acetylated by heterogeneous reactions with glacial acetic acid, concentrated H2SO4, and acetic anhydride. The resultant cellulose triacetate (CTA) was characterized for yield and solubility as well as by using 1H-NMR spectroscopy and SEM. The acetylated product (AP) yields for CF, RWP, RN, and MWFL were 112, 94, 84, and 73%, respectively. After isolation of pure CTA from the AP, the CTA yields were 87, 80, 68, and 54%. The solubility test for the CTA's showed a clear solubility in chloroform, as well as mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1v/v) and vice versa for acetone. The degree of substitution (DS) values for the CTA's produced were nearly identical and confirmed the presence of CTA. In addition, the pore diameter of the CTA skeleton ranged from 0.072 to 0.239 µm for RWP and RN, and within the dimension scale of the CTA pinholes confirm the synthesis of CTA. Accordingly, pouring of the AP liquor at 25 °C in distilled water at the end of the acetylation and filtration did not hydrolyze the CTA to cellulose diacetate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulp from rapeseed residues as raw material for the manufacturing of linerboard and fluting medium grades was investigated. For this purpose, different alternatives for improving mechanical and optical properties of rapeseed CTMP were studied, and the addition of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was proposed to decrease the intensity of the beating process and enhance the final mechanical properties. Handsheets from each pulp were produced, and their properties compared to those of linerboard from recycled paper. Compared to kraft linerboard from recycled paper, rapeseed CTMP required less beating to reach an optimal breaking length. This reduction in beating can be combined with the addition of NFC to improve the mechanical properties of paper. Therefore, rapeseed CTMP from crop residues is a technically affordable alternative for the production of fluting and linerboard grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper dust is a kind of cellulosic waste that is generated by converting operations in paper mills. It was derived to a low-grade cellulose acetate in this study. Papers made from recycled fiber were then impregnated with the resultant cellulose acetate. Effects of impregnation conditions on the paper properties were statistically investigated by employing central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM). Four response variables, namely density, burst index, smoothness, and rate of surface wettability were analyzed. Polynomial estimation model of each response was developed as functions of three independent variables, which are pressing temperature (T), dipping time (D), and concentration of cellulose acetate (C). The paper which was impregnated based on the calculated optimum condition (T: 163 °C, D: 2.8 minutes, and C: 2.7 percent), possessed a density of 0.5450 g/cm³, rate of surface wettability of 0.012°/s, burst index of 2.84 kPa m²/g, and paper smoothness of 475 mL/min. There was no significant difference between the experimental values and the predicted values calculated from estimation models. The cellulose acetate impregnated Braille papers made from recycled fibre was found to have better properties than those of commercial Braille paper in terms of rate of surface wettability and burst index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]