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Introduction: This study aims to analyze all the women delivering in our institute according to the Robson’s classification. Robson’s ten group classification system (TGCS) endorsed by WHO, is a global standard tool for assessing, monitoring and comparing cesarean section rates at all levels. Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Patan hospital, Patan academy of health sciences (PAHS), Lalitpur, Nepal over 12 months’ period. All women who delivered during this period were classified according to the Robson’s classification (TGCS) into a specific group. Relative size and overall cesarean section rate of each group were calculated. Result: A total of 4,985 cases were analyzed. The cesarean section rate was 57.7%. Group 1+2 represented nearly half (49%) of the obstetric population served during the study period. Group 2A was found to be the highest contributor (27.4%) followed by Group 5 (22.8%) and Group 1 (13.0%). In terms of indication for cesarean section -Fetal distress and previous cesarean section were found to be the most common indications. Similarly, nulliparous women were three to four times more likely to be delivered by cesarean section when labor was induced. Conclusion: From this study, we can conclude that for an effective reduction in the overall high cesarean section rate in our Institution, we need to focus on a more stringent protocol for inducing labor especially among nulliparous women and to practice evidence based guidelines. Redefining failed induction needs to be considered critically as well.

Introduction: Suicide during the antenatal period is one of the major indirect causes of maternal death. This study aims to determine the prevalence of suicidal risk and its related factors among the patients attending the antenatal clinic of a tertiary care center. Method: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the antenatal clinic Patan Hospital, Lalitpur, Nepal among 124 pregnant patients using purposive sampling and face-to-face interviews applying a semi-structured proforma and P4 suicide screener. Ethical approval was obtained. The percentage of patients with suicide risk was calculated and stratified into minimal, lower, and higher risk of suicide. The association between suicide risk and different sociodemographic and clinical variables was done using the Chi-square test. A p-values ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The prevalence of suicide risk was 32 out of 124 patients (25.8%). When risk stratification was done a maximum of 22(17.7%) had a higher risk for suicide. The risk was associated the employment status (p=0.039), history of previous suicide attempts (p=0.04), and diagnosed mental disorder (p=0.027). Conclusion: Our study shows the suicide risk among antenatal females was 25.8% reaffirming the need for proper screening and referral.

This study aims to find the effect of banking depth on economic growth of South Asian countries. For analysis, different models are selected based on different tests (BP tests, Hausman tests) rather depending solely on the possible theoretical explanations. Six SAARC countries are selected for the study with data ranging from 1983-2020. The findings conclude negative and positive significant effect of credit flow to private sector and broad money respectively. Overall, banking depth has significant effect on GDP of SAARC nations. Meanwhile, gross domestic savings have significant positive contribution to GDP growth, whereas; inflation and gross capital formation negatively and positively insignificantly impact the economic growth respectively. These insignificances show the weakness of the economy in utilizing the credit and capital in the productive sectors of the economy. It further adds empirical evidence to existing finance-growth nexus in SAARC nations.

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Post the outbreak of COVID different studies have been conducted to find the impact of it on various aspects such as physical and mental state of human lives, business, industries, economy, and so on. With the objective of assessing the effect of COVID-19 on Nepalese stock market (NEPSE), using NEPSE index and market turnover as independent variable and taking 1st 6 months’ every operating day data since active COVID cases were seen, this paper tests two hypotheses. First the median of active COVID cases is found, considering as the good mid position indicator, then the cases above the median point are divided as High COVID case situation and Low COVID situation. The non-parametric test Mann-Whitney U-test is applied that finds: 1st: the NEPSE index was increasing during the high COVID cases than that of low COVID situation and 2nd: NEPSE market turnover was also increasing during the high COVID cases than that of low COVID situation. This concludes with significant positive effect of COVID on Nepalese stock market. Digitization of NEPSE, leisure time with people, their sentiment to enter the stock market when stock prices are low and optimism that prices of stock would increase in the future, are some of the factors contributing to the increase in NEPSE performance during high COVID situation.

The objective of the study is to analyze the factors affecting employee job satisfaction in restaurants in Butwal, Nepal. The independent variables under study are: working conditions, remuneration, employees’ relationship with supervisors, and co-worker relations, while the dependent variable is employees’ job satisfaction. The structured questionnaire survey was conducted by taking a sample of 92 respondents from the grade ‘A’ level restaurant of Butwal area. The descriptive research design using correlation and regression was used to analyze the data. Primary data was collected from sampled staff of Restaurant industry of Butwal. The summarized data is presented using percentages and presented using tables and pie charts. Research ethics were observed before, during and after carrying out the research. Study results indicate that two factors remuneration plan and relationship with co-workers had a significant relationship with dependent variable. The findings also indicate that factors attributes to working conditions and relationship with supervisors were the most statistically significant independently with employee’ job satisfaction.

Background: Percutaneous transvenous mitral commisurotomy (PTMC) is the recommended treatment in the severe mitral stenosis with mitral valve area ≤ 1.5 sq. cm and favourable mitral valve morphology without Left atrium (LA) clot. Methods: A retrospective study done for one year among all the patients who had undergone PTMC in 2016. Successful PTMC was defined as increase in Mitral valve area (MVA) more than or equal to 1.5 sq. cm or increase in area by more than 50% from baseline. Data was analyze using SPSS-20. Results: Three hundred thirty sex patients with mean age 34.08 ±12.0 of which male were 97 ( 26.9 %.) and female were 239 (71.1 %). There were 225 (67%) sinus rhythm (SR) and 111 (33%) atrial fibrillation (AF). The median Pre PTMC area and Left atrial (LA) Pressure were 0.9 sq cm and 24 mmHg respectively. The overall success of PTMC was in 289 (86%). The successful outcome in age categories less than 20 years, 20-40, 40-60 and more than 60 years in order are 39 (83%), 174 (86.6%), 71 (86.6%) and 5 (83.3 %). Success for male was 84 (86.6%) and in female 205(86%). Success percentage in SR was 192 (86%) and in atrial fibrillation was 97 (87.4%). Conclusion: The outcome of PTMC in terms of change in mitral valve area was similar to the different age categories, gender and presence and absence of atrial fibrillation.

This review paper summarizes the methods used for measuring microplastic in freshwater lake sediments and also compares the distribution and characteristics of microplastic in freshwater lake sediment in Asia. Bulk sampling using Van Veen grab or stainless steel shovel was the most common sampling tool used for sediment sampling. Density separation using sodium chloride (NaCl) isthe most common process for the extraction of microplastic from lake sediments. For microplastic quantification, the common preliminary technique is visual counting aided by an optical microscope. Whereas, spectroscopy like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy is the most commonly used technique for polymer identification. High abundance of microplastic reaching 11 to 3153 items/ kg was observed in the lakeshore sediment of Poyang Lake, China. In the lake bottom sediment of Ulansuhai Lake, the concentration of microplastic was low (24±7 to 14±3 items/kg). Polyethylene and polypropylene was the widely used polymer in Asia.

Eutrophication of wetlands has been considered as a global level environmental problem due to wide range of environmental impacts caused by it. All the lake bodies are subjected to natural eutrophication process but anthropogenic activities like excessive utilization of inorganic fertilizers containing phosphorus and nitrogen in the farmlands which ultimately reach to water bodies through runoff during rainfall further maximizes the eutrophication. The research was conducted to find the trophic state of Lake Phewa, Lake Begnas and Lake Rupa which are three major lakes of Lake Clusters of Pokhara Valley, a Ramsar listed wetland from mid-hills of Nepal. Trophic state of lakes were classified on the basis of Carlson’s Trophic State Index. This index was calculated with the measurement of Secchi depth, Chlorophyll-a, and Total Phosphorus using standard methods. Study revealed that all three lakes were mesotrophic in both pre-monsoon and monsoon season. Lake Rupa had the highest Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) and Lake Begnas had lowest CTSI in both the season. Development of lake from oligotrophic to eutrophic state is a natural and gradual process and hence these lakes have increased chances of being eutrophic naturally along with natural process being crucially altered by cultural eutrophication which shortens the life expectancy of the affected aquatic body. Suitable conservation measures are needed to reduce organic load from lake to prevent from being further degraded.

Gender based violence was measured based on different questions related to physical violence, emotional violence and sexual violence. The questions were asked to the Bachelor and Masters Level students. Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) questionnaires were taken as reference for questionnaire development. This study entitled “Causes and Consequences of Gender Based Violence against College Girls” is based on the study of Bachelor and Masters Level students of Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Kathmandu. The objectives of the study was to identify the causes and consequences of gender based violence of college students. In this study cross-sectional research design was applied. The Study followed the quantitative approach. From this study it was found that about 34.3percent of the respondents were experienced violence in their life time. Out of the total case of the emotional violence, more than one fifth (24.2%) were humiliate in front of others followed by insulted or make feel bad (20.6%)and threaten to hurt or harm by someone (13.6%). Respondents who were experienced physical violence, highest percentage (10.6%) were pushed, shook and throw something on her followed by twist arm or pull hair (6.1%),slapped and punched (4.5%), and kicked, dragged and beaten (3.8%).A few of the respondents have experienced the sexual violence (12.1%). Among them, 6.1 percent of the respondents were physically force to perform any other sexual acts followed by physically forced to have sexual intercourse(4.5%) and threatened to perform sexual acts in any other way (1.5%).

Background: Thyroid disorders represent an important public health problem worldwide. Excess thyroid hormone in the circulation due to any cause is termed as thyrotoxicosis. There are many causes of thyrotoxicosis, and it is important to find the cause as this will determine the management of the condition. 99mTcO4scintigraphy is diagnostic tool to differentiate various causes of thyrotoxicosis. This study aims to study the age and gender distribution of different causes of thyrotoxicosis. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of technetium pertechnetate(99mTcO4) thyroid scintigraphy reports done of patients having thyrotoxicosis from the period of January 01, 2016, to December 31, 2016, at the Nuclear Medicine unit of National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu. Gender and age group analysis of the data was done using SPSS program. Results: A total of 211 reports of 99m TcO 4 thyroid scintigraphy were included in the study. There were 61 male patients and 150 female patients. Various causes of thyrotoxicosis like thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, autonomous functioning thyroid nodule, toxic multinodular goiter was detected. Apart from toxic multinodular goiter, these disorders were more common in the age group 18-50 years and females. Conclusion: 99mTcO4 thyroid scintigraphy is one of the easy and highly effective tools for the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis. Both thyroiditis and Graves’ disease are more predominant in the age group 18-50 years and in females. Further large community-based studies will be required for exact prevalence of the diseases in the population.

Goat (Capra hircus) is important meat animal of the country. Fattening performance of different breeds of goats with common mid hill fodder trees was conducted in Completely Randomized Design with 4×5 factorial arrangements at Goat Research Station, Tanahun. The first factor was breed of goats and second factor was species of fodder trees. The main parameters monitored included dry matter (DM) intake, fattening performance and average daily gain (ADG) of goats with respect to different fodders. Results showed that DM intake by breeds of goats and species of fodder trees were highly significant (p

E-government generally refers to utilizing IT, ICTs, and other web-based communication technologies to improve and develop the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector. It is the utilization of IT, ICTs, and other web-based communication technologies to improve and develop the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector. E-government generally refers to the utilization of IT, ICTs, and other web-based communication technologies to improve and develop the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector. Most of the government organizations in Nepal have their own websites and their website has been used as a tool for making information easy to find, for ease of obtaining services, designed with mobile in mind, notify citizens about their recent activities and notices, gather feedback, inter- and intra-organizational information exchange and many more. Since Local Government have started to use their websites as an information center, effective website design and functionality is very important for providing services to the citizens. Developing countries like Nepal are lagging behind in e-government adoption compared to developed countries. During the last 10-15 years, governments from all over the world have tried to take advantage of IT and the Internet to improve governmental administration and communication with their people. Also, Nepal has tried its best to achieve this. As IT offers the opportunity for the government to better deliver information and services and to interact with citizens, businesses, and other government stakeholders in an effective manner. The discrepancy in e-government implementation between regions in Nepal is huge due to a number of reasons, including management, infrastructure, and human factors that vary across this heterogeneous country.

An association of radicular cyst with deciduous teeth is very rare contributing to 0.5–3.3% of the total number of cysts in deciduous dentition in 3–19 years of age. This paper describes the case of a radicular cyst associated with deciduous molar in a 9-year-old female patient, with a detailed description of clinical, radiographic, histopathologic features, and its surgical management. The treatment included complete enucleation of the cyst with proper curettage, extraction of the offending deciduous molar and preservation of the permanent tooth buds.

Introduction: Dental caries remains the most prevalent, unmet health care need for children with special health care needs such as autism spectrum disorder. This study was carried out to help in providing a baseline data to enable comparison and future planning of dental services for autistic children. Objective: The study aims to evaluate the oral health status among the 3-15 years old children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Kathmandu. Methods: A cross sectional study was done among 80 autistic children of age 3-15 years. Dental caries was measure by Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS. Results: The prevalence of the dental caries was found to be 66.3% (53) with mean dmft of 3.03 ± 3.71 and DMFT of 0.51 ± 1.78 among children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Caries prevalence was higher in females compared to males. Among the carious teeth 94% were untreated. Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries was high in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder with higher percentage of untreated decays, which emphasizes the need for immediate preventive as well as curative interventions.

Background: Arguably the most frequently used term in science, particularly in mathematics and statistics, is linear. However, confusion arises from the various meanings of linearity instructed in different levels of mathematical courses. The definition of linearity taught in high school is less correct than the one learned in a linear algebra class. The correlation coefficient of two quantitative variables is a numerical measure of the affinity, not only linearity, of two variables. However, every statistics book loosely says it is a measure of linear relationship. This clearly show that there is some confusion between use of the terms the linear function and affine function. Objective: This article aims at clarifying the confusion between use of the terms linear function and affine function. It also provides more generalized forms of the gradient in different branches of mathematics and show their equivalency. Materials and Methods: We have used the pure analytical deductive methods to proof the statements. Results: We have clearly presented that gradient is the measure of affinity, not just linearity. It becomes a special case of the derivative in calculus, of the least-squares estimate of the regression coefficient in statistics and matrix theory. The gradient can ­­­­be seen in terms of the inverse of the informative matrix in the most general setting of the linear model estimation. Conclusion: The article has been clearly written to show the distinction between the linear and affine functions in a concise and unambiguous manner. We hope that readers will clearly see various generalizations of the gradient and article itself would be a simple exposition, enlightening, and fun to read.

Introduction: Hysterectomy is one of the most frequently performed major surgical procedure. Majority of the hysterectomies are still done by the means of abdominal route. Despite its common performance, there are no grade A recommendations or guidelines regarding closure of vaginal vault. Surgical technique of hysterectomy may include either closed or open vaginal vault. This study aimed to compare these two techniques in terms of duration of hospital stay, febrile morbidity, vault hematoma, vaginal bleeding, relaparatomy to provide further guidance for surgical decisions. Method: This is a retrospective study done at Patan Hospital involving patients with total abdominal hysterectomy from January 2018 to December 2020. Data were collected from medical record. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-20). The independents sample t test was used. A p value of

Background: Oral health plays an important role in the overall health of the individual. Both medical and nursing students are expected to possess good oral health awareness and work together for public health promotion especially in developing countries like Nepal. The aim of the study is to assess and compare Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Oral Health among students of Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences (NAIHS) Methods: This is a cross sectional questionnaire based study conducted at Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences, from 2020.10.15 to 2021.04.15. A total of fourteen standard structured close ended questionnaire was sent to all the medical and nursing students in g- mail to assess and compare KAP on Oral Health. Result: Among 200 MBBS students, 157, 184, 200 had knowledge about sugar, bacteria and not brushing respectively which causes dental caries and 163 had knowledge about benefits of fluoride on dental health. On the other hand out of 200 nursing students 147, 178, 200 had knowledge about sugar, bacteria and not brushing respectively which causes dental caries and 152 had knowledge about benefits of fluoride on dental health. On an average 88% of MBBS students had good knowledge about dental caries whereas 84.62% of nursing students had good knowledge about dental caries. More of nursing students had attitude of visiting dentist in a year than medical students whereas more of medical students had never visited a dentist. Among 200 MBBS students 143 (71.5%) were found brushing twice daily, 121 (60.5%) brushes after every meal (i.e. morning and night), 35 (17.5%) followed proper vertical tooth brushing technique and as for the duration of brushing 104 (52%) brushed for 2 min. On the other hand, among 200 nursing students 152 (76%) were found brushing twice daily, 132 (66%) brushes after every meal, 43 (21.5%) followed proper vertical tooth brushing technique and as for the duration of brushing 116 (58%) brushed for 2 min. Conclusion: Based on the present study the total knowledge on dental caries was found to be significantly higher in MBBS students than nursing students however nursing students had more positive attitudes towards oral health. Oral health practice of nursing students in terms of frequency of brushing, times, method and duration of brushing was also found to be comparatively better than MBBS students. With proper knowledge of oral health behavior, medical and nursing students can play an important role in the oral health education of individuals and groups and act as role models for patients, friends, families and the community at large.

Introduction: The ChAdOx 1 n Cov-19 vaccine, called Covishield, was rolled out in Nepal targeting health care professionals. The study was conducted to assess the pattern of self-reported adverse events following immunization and to compare AEFI on the basis of previous COVID status. Methods: A cross sectional study of four months duration was conducted in Shree Birendra Hospital, a tertiary care hospital, in Kathmandu, Nepal. AEFI associated with first and second dose of Covishield were assessed for a period of seven days from the day of vaccination in health care professionals and comparison was done based on COVID status. Results: A total of 100 vaccine recipients were included in the study, out of which 83% showed AEFI. The most commonly reported AEFI after first dose were headache (56%), injection site tenderness (42%), myalgia (29%), fatigue (24%), dizziness (20%), pyrexia (19%), malaise (17%), nausea (10%), chills (8%), vomiting (2%) and arthralgia (1%) while among the AEFI after second dose were injection site tenderness (36%), headache (15%), myalgia (12%), fatigue (11%), nausea (9%), malaise (8%), pyrexia (8%), chills (5%), rashes (3%), drowsiness (3%), arthralgia (1%) and dizziness (1%). Previously infected participants were found to be prone to develop systemic adverse effects. The most of the adverse effects were subsided within four days and commonly used medication was paracetamol to relieve the symptoms. Conclusions: AEFI following the first and second dose of vaccine were mild. Systemic adverse effects were more frequent in those with the history of COVID-19 infection.

Background The important morphological parameters of distal radius namely palmar tilt, radial inclination, radial height and ulnar variance are consequential in the evaluation and management of the distal radius fracture, distal radius plate design and kinesiology. Correction of these parameters in anatomical alignment is important to restore the normal biomechanics of the wrist joint. Objective To ascertain the distal radius parameters in the patients attending tertiary care hospital with regard to gender and age. Method The wrist radiographs (postero-anterior and lateral views) of 125 patients, from 16 to above 60 years of age were used to determine the four parameters of distal radius. The subjects were divided into gender and three different age groups (16-36 years, 37-57 years and > 57 years). Independent t-test and ANOVA test was used for statistical analysis with level of significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Result The mean palmar tilt was 15.69 ± 4.84° (p-value = 0.40). The mean radial inclination was 22.58 ± 2.82° (p-value = 0.88). The mean value of radial height was 10.31 ± 1.59 mm (p-value= 0.001). Positive ulnar variance were recorded in maximum of subjects (46.40%) and the least was neutral (16.80%). Conclusion The distal radius parameters of our population were similar to the Orthopedic Trauma Association standard reference value. And there was significant difference in radial height between males and females.

Pesticides are applied to protect crops from insects, weeds, and bacterial or fungal diseases during the growth. There would be a 78 percent loss of fruit output, a 54 percent loss of vegetable production, and a 32 percent loss of cereal production if pesticides were not used. When pesticides are applied to a target plant, they have the potential to enter the environment where they can affect non target organisms. Concerns have also been raised about pesticide currently uses and its impact on the environment with the possibility for hazardous or carcinogenic residues. This review paper provides basic information about the general types of pesticide in use and the role of pesticides in agriculture with its impact in environmental components. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 10(2): 75-83.

Introduction: The prediction of mesiodistal widths of unerupted canines and premolars are an important aspect of analysis of the developing permanent dentition. Various radiographic as well as non radiographic methods have been tested and researched to predict the width of these teeth. The Moyers mixed dentition analysis is a universally accepted technique. Whereas Aboul-Azm and Fouda’s approach of mixed dentition analysis is a concept that derives the measurement from equation based on the buccolingual width of the permanent first molars. It does not require any table for the prediction. Objective: The present study compares the Aboul-Azm and Fouda’s approach of mixed dentition analysis with Moyers technique. Methodology: Estimations of the widths of the unerupted permanent canines, first and second premolars were performed for maxillary and mandibular arches using Aboul-Azm and Fouda’s and Moyers prediction methods. The predicted values were then compared with the measurements of the actual teeth on 224 study models of males and females. The study was conducted from October to December 2021. Results: The study was conducted on 112 male and female samples each. For males, statistically significant underestimation were found for Aboul-Azm and Fouda’s method in both arches whereas Moyers method showed better accuracy in males. In females Moyers method showed a significant overestimation. In the total sample the Moyers method showed accuracy for maxillary arch whereas Aboul-Azm and Fouda’s method was more accurate for the mandibular arch. Conclusion: Moyers method showed a good accuracy in the maxillary arch while in the mandibular arch Aboul-Azm and Fouda’s method was more accurate.

This paper presents the search for substructures within the Supercluster S [227+006+0078]. To use the spectroscopic database (7th data release) of galaxies, studied the number density, all-sky distribution, and redshift maps to identify substructures based on their richness and compactness. And also to find out the substructures within the Supercluster, using the contour plot of number densities of galaxies within the appropriate radius values and number of nearby galaxies.