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The article presents an analysis of births after treatment for breast cancer in women of reproductive age. In details there is described this group of patients based on a retrospective analysis of case histories. Eight patients, included in this study, received anti-cancer treatment between 2000 and 2009. All pregnancies appeared on their own without the use of supporting reproductive technologies. There are presented oncological and reproductive outcomes. The discussion includes data of literature on the possibility of pregnancy after breast cancer treatment.

For the period from 2003 to 2014 at the Oncogynecology Department laparoscopic surgery for ovarian cancer was performed in 49 patients aged 19 to 76 years. During the surgical interventions special attention was paid to the principles of oncological radicalism and ablastics, the volume of surgery depended on the extent of tumor process, morphological characteristics of tumor, a patient's age and the desire to preserve reproductive function. In 42 (85.7%) cases laparoscopic procedures were conducted to restaging (after non-radical operations in gynecological hospitals). In all 49 patients a histological form of ovarian tumor corresponded to adenocarcinoma. Mean operative time was 140 ± 10,5 minutes, the average blood loss--80,2 ± 14,3 ml. Postoperative complications (bleeding from the omentum) were recorded in 1 (2%) patient, the need for conversion was occurred in 4 (8.2%) cases due to the adhesive process or signs of dissemination. As a result of laparoscopic surgery an increase in staging of disease was fixed in 14 cases (28.6%). Follow-up median was 45 months, relapses occurred in 5 (10.2%) patients. Of 49 patients 2 (4.1%) died from disease progression. Disease-free and overall survival rates were 89.8% and 95.9%, respectively. Thus, data of world literature and our own experience indicate the potential equivalent of laparoscopic and laparotomy approaches in treatment for early ovarian cancer.

An epidemiologic study of malignant tumors was carried out in a cohort of population of a district in Moscow. The district is situated on the leeward side of a cluster of factories which discharge 270 cu tons of pollutants per year. Nine of the eleven apartment houses under study were put up in the 60-70 ies when the factories were in operation. The cohort included 1,095 males and females who had lived in that district at least 5 years until the start of the investigation. The tumor morbidity and mortality in this cohort were evaluated for the period of 1988-1992. Morbidity of virtually all known tumors and mortality proved to be in excess of all expectations. However, significant differences between the actual and expected levels were obtained in the total number of tumors, in females, only (actual number-24; expected number-13.76), and for breast tumors (7 and 2.82, respectively).

Risk factors of bladder cancer development were studied in a population-based case-control epidemiological study performed in Moscow. Relative risk (RR) indexes appeared to be increased in smokers (4.2) and ex-smokers (3.5) with statistically significant trends for two most important factors such as duration of smoking and duration of withdrawal. A pronounced although insignificant increase in the RR indexes was established for drivers (3.0) and a slight insignificant rise-for gas arc welding operators (1.5). The indexes were increased in subjects with a family history of cancer. The relative risk of cancer was significantly lower in beta-carotene consumers. A preventive effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids and oil and margarine used for frying was established. Risk of bladder cancer tended to increase with a rise in dietary protein. A dose-effect type inhibition of advancement of the disease by vitamin C was observed.

Suggestions for restructuring organization of the photoroentgenographic part of the polyclinical diagnostic service are presented. A model of central lung cancer detection was developed which consists of the following basic elements: (1) a program of identification of high risk groups in the ambulatory population, and (2) differentiated standardized X-ray and photoroentgenographic examination in combination with other diagnostic methods.

One-hundred and three breast cancer patients were questioned. As few as 35% of them had been regularly checked-up. 52% of patients took medical advice immediately after tumor detection. In 25% of patients, the period between the first examination and referral to a hospital was longer than 1 month whereas 59.2% of patients waited for 1 month to be hospitalized. Inadequate and prolonged examination and malpractice accounted for delayed diagnosis of breast cancer in 64.2%.

The results of case-control study of skin melanoma carried out in Moscow are presented. They point to considerable influence of endogenous factors on the relative risk of melanoma. The risk of melanoma is increased by such factors as light color of the skin, presence of freckles and moles. Exposure to UV-radiation raised the risk of melanoma, however, after relevant adjustment for the said factors relative risk was reduced. Consumption of greens and high blood levels of alpha-tocopherol significantly decreased the risk of melanoma. Female users of oral contraceptives had significantly lower risk of skin melanoma.

The extent of tumor, as revealed by surgery in 113 primary patients with malignant granulosa-stromal cell tumors of the ovaries (granulosa cell--77, theca cell--17 and mixed theca-granulosa cell tumors--19 patients), was analysed versus duration of disease, laterality of tumor and patient age. Factors which were significantly or as a marked tendency associated with stage III and IV of disease and thus suggested poor prognosis were identified.

The study discusses the experience of treatment of 207 patients with locally-advanced cancer of the sigmoid colon who made up 13.5% of the total number of cases of cancer of this site seen in the clinic in 1972-1990. Radical surgery was performed in 170 (82.1%) patients. Postoperative lethality rate was 5.8%, five-year survival rate--70.5 +/- 5.6%. The use of adjuvant preoperative radiotherapy assured a higher resection rate and had no adverse effect on immediate results.

The epidemiologic case-control study included 100 patients with histologically verified colorectal cancer. The groups of cancer patients and controls with non-tumor pathology treated at a therapeutic department of a city clinical hospital were identical with respect to age and sex. A questionnaire was used to study average intake of foods within 12 months prior to disease. Consumption of basic dietary ingredients was calculated. The logistic regression method was employed to assess the relative risk of colonic cancer development for four levels of consumption of each ingredient. The tendency of risk variation was evaluated. The increase in the risk of colonic cancer was accounted for by the high consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.023), starch (p = 0.05) and a rise in meat/vegetables (p less than 0.001), protein/cellulose (p less than 0.001) and fat/cellulose (p = 0.023) ratios. High intake of beta-carotene (p = 0.011), vitamin C (p = 0.003), calcium (p = 0.009) and dairy products (p = 0.003) and increased poly/mono-unsaturated fatty acid ratio (p = 0.014) were associated with low relative risk.

The analysis of the data on 744 patients with thyroid tumors showed inadequate examination to be the main cause of untimely diagnosis of cancer of the organ. Cytologic examination of tumor punctate proved most effective for diagnosis since it confirmed cancer in 92.3% of cases. Adequate examination and extrafascial surgical procedure with intraoperative contrasting of the thyroid assured five-year survival rate of 95.9% and a decrease in the risk of injury to n. recurrens by 23%.

A case control study was carried out to assess relationship between certain hormonal indexes and risk of breast cancer. In premenopausal patients, blood plasma level of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was significantly higher while those of albumin-binding (bioavailable) and free estradiol were lower than in controls. No statistically significant difference in hormonal status parameters was established between menopausal patients and menopausal controls. However, concentrations of total, free and albumin-binding estradiol tended to be higher in breast cancer supporting the relationship between exposure of breast tissue to plasma free estradiol and risk of breast cancer. Unlike healthy females, menopausal breast cancer patients showed a decrease in SHBG level and a rise in free and albumin-binding estradiol concentration with age. SHBG level was inversely related to weight and Quetelet's index; however, the tendency reached statistical significance in the reproductive age group only.

Melanoma of the anorectal region is a rare disease which makes up 1.8% of all rectal malignancies and 1.4% of all cases of melanoma. Surgery is the only radical procedure for the treatment of anorectal melanoma. Abdomino-perineal extirpation of the rectum proved most radical. Overall five-year survival rate was 17.0 +/- 5.3%.

The incidence of malignant melanoma of the skin in Moscow in 1983-1987 was studied. The average age-standardized index for the 5 years was 2.3% for males and 3.2% for females. The cumulative risk of the disease by the age of 75 years was 0.25% for males and 0.32% for females. The likelihood of skin melanoma development in each five-year age bracket appeared different and was characterized by a complex curve suggesting several etiologically heterogeneous forms of the disease.