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1. Climatic and soil factors explain the two-dimensional spectrum of global plant trait variation

Author

Joswig, J.S., Wirth, C., Schuman, M.C., Kattge, J., Reu, B., Wright, I.J., Sippel, S.D., Rüger, N., Richter, R., Schaepman, M.E., van Bodegom, P.M., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Díaz, S., Hattingh, W.N., Kramer, K., Lens, F., Niinemets, Ü., Reich, P.B., Reichstein, M., Römermann, C., Schrodt, F., Anand, M., Bahn, M., Byun, C., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Craine, J.M., Gonzalez-Melo, A., Gutiérrez, A.G., He, T., Higuchi, P., Jactel, H., Kraft, N.J.B., Minden, V., Onipchenko, V., Peñuelas, J., Pillar, V.D., Sosinski, Ê., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Weiher, E., Mahecha, M.D., Joswig, J.S., Wirth, C., Schuman, M.C., Kattge, J., Reu, B., Wright, I.J., Sippel, S.D., Rüger, N., Richter, R., Schaepman, M.E., van Bodegom, P.M., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Díaz, S., Hattingh, W.N., Kramer, K., Lens, F., Niinemets, Ü., Reich, P.B., Reichstein, M., Römermann, C., Schrodt, F., Anand, M., Bahn, M., Byun, C., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Craine, J.M., Gonzalez-Melo, A., Gutiérrez, A.G., He, T., Higuchi, P., Jactel, H., Kraft, N.J.B., Minden, V., Onipchenko, V., Peñuelas, J., Pillar, V.D., Sosinski, Ê., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Weiher, E., and Mahecha, M.D.

Abstract

Plant functional traits can predict community assembly and ecosystem functioning and are thus widely used in global models of vegetation dynamics and land–climate feedbacks. Still, we lack a global understanding of how land and climate affect plant traits. A previous global analysis of six traits observed two main axes of variation: (1) size variation at the organ and plant level and (2) leaf economics balancing leaf persistence against plant growth potential. The orthogonality of these two axes suggests they are differently influenced by environmental drivers. We find that these axes persist in a global dataset of 17 traits across more than 20,000 species. We find a dominant joint effect of climate and soil on trait variation. Additional independent climate effects are also observed across most traits, whereas independent soil effects are almost exclusively observed for economics traits. Variation in size traits correlates well with a latitudinal gradient related to water or energy limitation. In contrast, variation in economics traits is better explained by interactions of climate with soil fertility. These findings have the potential to improve our understanding of biodiversity patterns and our predictions of climate change impacts on biogeochemical cycles.

Published
2021

2. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome

Author

Spatial Ecology and Global Change, Environmental Sciences, Thomas, H. J. D., Bjorkman, A. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Henry, G. H. R., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Beck, P. S. A., Georges, D., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Alatalo, J. M., Alexander, H. D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K. S., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Johnstone, J. F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, T. C., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Shetti, R., Speed, J. D. M., Suding, K. N., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A. J., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S. E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P. A., Zamin, T. J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P. M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin, F. S., Craine, J. M., Dainese, M., Green, W. A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Poschlod, P., Reich, P. B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B. S., Sheremetiev, S. N., de Vries, F. T., Spatial Ecology and Global Change, Environmental Sciences, Thomas, H. J. D., Bjorkman, A. D., Myers-Smith, I. H., Elmendorf, S. C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Forbes, B. C., Henry, G. H. R., Hollister, R. D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J. S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W. K., Beck, P. S. A., Georges, D., Goetz, S. J., Guay, K. C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N. A., Spasojevic, M. J., Alatalo, J. M., Alexander, H. D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L. T., Björk, R. G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K. S., Collier, L. S., Cooper, E. J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, A., Frei, E. R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M. M. P. D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J. M. G., Johnstone, J. F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C. M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L. J., Lantz, T. C., Lévesque, E., Little, C. J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S. S., Ninot, J. M., Oberbauer, S. F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V. G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S. B., Shetti, R., Speed, J. D. M., Suding, K. N., Tape, K. D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A. J., Treier, U. A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S. E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P. A., Zamin, T. J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P. M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B. E. L., Chapin, F. S., Craine, J. M., Dainese, M., Green, W. A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W. A., Peñuelas, J., Poschlod, P., Reich, P. B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B. S., Sheremetiev, S. N., and de Vries, F. T.

Published
2020

3. Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome

Author

Thomas, H.J.D., Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Henry, G.H.R., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W.K., Beck, P.S.A., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K.S., Collier, L.S., Cooper, E.J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Johnstone, J.F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T.C., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S.S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S.B., Shetti, R., Speed, J.D.M., Suding, K.N., Tape, K.D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A.J., Treier, U.A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S.E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P.A., Zamin, T.J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Craine, J.M., Dainese, M., Green, W.A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W.A., Peñuelas, J., Poschlod, P., Thomas, H.J.D., Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Kattge, J., Diaz, S., Vellend, M., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Henry, G.H.R., Hollister, R.D., Normand, S., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Cornwell, W.K., Beck, P.S.A., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Rüger, N., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L.T., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Carbognani, M., Christie, K.S., Collier, L.S., Cooper, E.J., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hermanutz, L., Hudson, J.M.G., Johnstone, J.F., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Kaarlejarvi, E., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T.C., Lévesque, E., Little, C.J., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Nielsen, S.S., Ninot, J.M., Oberbauer, S.F., Olofsson, J., Onipchenko, V.G., Petraglia, A., Rumpf, S.B., Shetti, R., Speed, J.D.M., Suding, K.N., Tape, K.D., Tomaselli, M., Trant, A.J., Treier, U.A., Tremblay, M., Venn, S.E., Vowles, T., Weijers, S., Wookey, P.A., Zamin, T.J., Bahn, M., Blonder, B., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Craine, J.M., Dainese, M., Green, W.A., Jansen, S., Kleyer, M., Manning, P., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ozinga, W.A., Peñuelas, J., and Poschlod, P.

Abstract

The majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.

Published
2020

4. Author Correction: Warming shortens flowering seasons of tundra plant communities (Nature Ecology & Evolution, (2019), 3, 1, (45-52), 10.1038/s41559-018-0745-6)

Author

Prevéy, JS, Rixen, C, Rüger, N, Høye, TT, Bjorkman, AD, Myers-Smith, IH, Elmendorf, SC, Ashton, IW, Cannone, N, Chisholm, CL, Clark, K, Cooper, EJ, Elberling, B, Fosaa, AM, Henry, GHR, Hollister, RD, Jónsdóttir, IS, Klanderud, K, Kopp, CW, Lévesque, E, Mauritz, M, Molau, U, Natali, SM, Oberbauer, SF, Panchen, ZA, Post, E, Rumpf, SB, Schmidt, NM, Schuur, E, Semenchuk, PR, Smith, JG, Suding, KN, Totland, Ø, Troxler, T, Venn, Susanna, Wahren, CH, Welker, JM, Wipf, S, Prevéy, JS, Rixen, C, Rüger, N, Høye, TT, Bjorkman, AD, Myers-Smith, IH, Elmendorf, SC, Ashton, IW, Cannone, N, Chisholm, CL, Clark, K, Cooper, EJ, Elberling, B, Fosaa, AM, Henry, GHR, Hollister, RD, Jónsdóttir, IS, Klanderud, K, Kopp, CW, Lévesque, E, Mauritz, M, Molau, U, Natali, SM, Oberbauer, SF, Panchen, ZA, Post, E, Rumpf, SB, Schmidt, NM, Schuur, E, Semenchuk, PR, Smith, JG, Suding, KN, Totland, Ø, Troxler, T, Venn, Susanna, Wahren, CH, Welker, JM, and Wipf, S

Published
2019

5. Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome

Author

Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Normand, S., Rüger, N., Beck, P.S.A., Blach-Overgaard, A., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Henry, G.H.R., HilleRisLambers, J., Hollister, R.D., Karger, D.N., Kattge, J., Manning, P., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Thomas, H.J.D., Vellend, M., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Carbognani, M., Hermanutz, L., Lévesque, E., Molau, U., Petraglia, A., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Tomaselli, M., Vowles, T., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Christie, K., Cooper, E.J., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Harper, K.A., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Jørgensen, R.H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T., Little, C.J., Speed, J.D.M., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Schøler Nielsen, S., Ninot, J.M., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Cornwell, W.K., Craine, J., Dainese, M., de Vries, F.T., Díaz, S., Enquist, B.J., Green, W., Milla, R., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ordoñez, J.C., Ozinga, W.A., Penuelas, J., Poorter, H., Poschlod, P., Reich, P.B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., Weiher, E., Bjorkman, A.D., Myers-Smith, I.H., Elmendorf, S.C., Normand, S., Rüger, N., Beck, P.S.A., Blach-Overgaard, A., Blok, D., Cornelissen, J.H.C., Forbes, B.C., Georges, D., Goetz, S.J., Guay, K.C., Henry, G.H.R., HilleRisLambers, J., Hollister, R.D., Karger, D.N., Kattge, J., Manning, P., Prevéy, J.S., Rixen, C., Schaepman-Strub, G., Thomas, H.J.D., Vellend, M., Wilmking, M., Wipf, S., Carbognani, M., Hermanutz, L., Lévesque, E., Molau, U., Petraglia, A., Soudzilovskaia, N.A., Spasojevic, M.J., Tomaselli, M., Vowles, T., Alatalo, J.M., Alexander, H.D., Anadon-Rosell, A., Angers-Blondin, S., te Beest, M., Berner, L., Björk, R.G., Buchwal, A., Buras, A., Christie, K., Cooper, E.J., Dullinger, S., Elberling, B., Eskelinen, Anu Maria, Frei, E.R., Grau, O., Grogan, P., Hallinger, M., Harper, K.A., Heijmans, M.M.P.D., Hudson, J., Hülber, K., Iturrate-Garcia, M., Iversen, C.M., Jaroszynska, F., Johnstone, J.F., Jørgensen, R.H., Kaarlejärvi, E., Klady, R., Kuleza, S., Kulonen, A., Lamarque, L.J., Lantz, T., Little, C.J., Speed, J.D.M., Michelsen, A., Milbau, A., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Schøler Nielsen, S., Ninot, J.M., van Bodegom, P.M., Bond-Lamberty, B., Campetella, G., Cerabolini, B.E.L., Chapin III, F.S., Cornwell, W.K., Craine, J., Dainese, M., de Vries, F.T., Díaz, S., Enquist, B.J., Green, W., Milla, R., Niinemets, Ü., Onoda, Y., Ordoñez, J.C., Ozinga, W.A., Penuelas, J., Poorter, H., Poschlod, P., Reich, P.B., Sandel, B., Schamp, B., Sheremetev, S., and Weiher, E.

Abstract

The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature–trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.

Published
2018

6. The global spectrum of plant form and function: enhanced species-level trait dataset.

Author

Díaz S, Kattge J, Cornelissen JHC, Wright IJ, Lavorel S, Dray S, Reu B, Kleyer M, Wirth C, Prentice IC, Garnier E, Bönisch G, Westoby M, Poorter H, Reich PB, Moles AT, Dickie J, Zanne AE, Chave J, Wright SJ, Sheremetiev SN, Jactel H, Baraloto C, Cerabolini BEL, Pierce S, Shipley B, Casanoves F, Joswig JS, Günther A, Falczuk V, Rüger N, Mahecha MD, Gorné LD, Amiaud B, Atkin OK, Bahn M, Baldocchi D, Beckmann M, Blonder B, Bond W, Bond-Lamberty B, Brown K, Burrascano S, Byun C, Campetella G, Cavender-Bares J, Chapin FS 3rd, Choat B, Coomes DA, Cornwell WK, Craine J, Craven D, Dainese M, de Araujo AC, de Vries FT, Domingues TF, Enquist BJ, Fagúndez J, Fang J, Fernández-Méndez F, Fernandez-Piedade MT, Ford H, Forey E, Freschet GT, Gachet S, Gallagher R, Green W, Guerin GR, Gutiérrez AG, Harrison SP, Hattingh WN, He T, Hickler T, Higgins SI, Higuchi P, Ilic J, Jackson RB, Jalili A, Jansen S, Koike F, König C, Kraft N, Kramer K, Kreft H, Kühn I, Kurokawa H, Lamb EG, Laughlin DC, Leishman M, Lewis S, Louault F, Malhado ACM, Manning P, Meir P, Mencuccini M, Messier J, Miller R, Minden V, Molofsky J, Montgomery R, Montserrat-Martí G, Moretti M, Müller S, Niinemets Ü, Ogaya R, Öllerer K, Onipchenko V, Onoda Y, Ozinga WA, Pausas JG, Peco B, Penuelas J, Pillar VD, Pladevall C, Römermann C, Sack L, Salinas N, Sandel B, Sardans J, Schamp B, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schulze ED, Schweingruber F, Shiodera S, Sosinski Ê, Soudzilovskaia N, Spasojevic MJ, Swaine E, Swenson N, Tautenhahn S, Thompson K, Totte A, Urrutia-Jalabert R, Valladares F, van Bodegom P, Vasseur F, Verheyen K, Vile D, Violle C, von Holle B, Weigelt P, Weiher E, Wiemann MC, Williams M, Wright J, and Zotz G

Abstract

Here we provide the 'Global Spectrum of Plant Form and Function Dataset', containing species mean values for six vascular plant traits. Together, these traits -plant height, stem specific density, leaf area, leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen content per dry mass, and diaspore (seed or spore) mass - define the primary axes of variation in plant form and function. The dataset is based on ca. 1 million trait records received via the TRY database (representing ca. 2,500 original publications) and additional unpublished data. It provides 92,159 species mean values for the six traits, covering 46,047 species. The data are complemented by higher-level taxonomic classification and six categorical traits (woodiness, growth form, succulence, adaptation to terrestrial or aquatic habitats, nutrition type and leaf type). Data quality management is based on a probabilistic approach combined with comprehensive validation against expert knowledge and external information. Intense data acquisition and thorough quality control produced the largest and, to our knowledge, most accurate compilation of empirically observed vascular plant species mean traits to date., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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7. Performance of tropical forest seedlings under shade and drought: an interspecific trade-off in demographic responses.

Author

Kupers SJ, Wirth C, Engelbrecht BMJ, Hernández A, Condit R, Wright SJ, and Rüger N

Subjects
Acclimatization, Climate Change, Droughts, Light, Rainforest, Seedlings growth & development
Abstract

Seedlings in moist tropical forests must cope with deep shade and seasonal drought. However, the interspecific relationship between seedling performance in shade and drought remains unsettled. We quantified spatiotemporal variation in shade and drought in the seasonal moist tropical forest on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, and estimated responses of naturally regenerating seedlings as the slope of the relationship between performance and shade or drought intensity. Our performance metrics were relative height growth and first-year survival. We investigated the relationship between shade and drought responses for up to 63 species. There was an interspecific trade-off in species responses to shade versus species responses to dry season intensity; species that performed worse in the shade did not suffer during severe dry seasons and vice versa. This trade-off emerged in part from the absence of species that performed particularly well or poorly in both drought and shade. If drought stress in tropical forests increases with climate change and as solar radiation is higher during droughts, the trade-off may reinforce a shift towards species that resist drought but perform poorly in the shade by releasing them from deep shade.

Published
2019
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8. Dry season soil water potential maps of a 50 hectare tropical forest plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.

Author

Kupers SJ, Wirth C, Engelbrecht BMJ, and Rüger N

Abstract

Fine scale spatial variation in soil moisture influences plant performance, species distributions and diversity. However, detailed information on local soil moisture variation is scarce, particularly in species-rich tropical forests. We measured soil water potential and soil water content in the 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, one of the best-studied tropical forests in the world. We present maps of soil water potential for several dry season stages during a regular year and during an El Niño drought. Additionally, we provide code that allows users to create maps for specific dates. The maps can be combined with other freely available datasets such as long-term vegetation censuses (ranging from seeds to adult trees), data on other resources (e.g. light and nutrients) and remote sensing data (e.g. LiDAR and imaging spectroscopy). Users can study questions in various disciplines such as population and community ecology, plant physiology and hydrology under current and future climate conditions.

Published
2019
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9. Plant functional trait change across a warming tundra biome.

Author

Bjorkman AD, Myers-Smith IH, Elmendorf SC, Normand S, Rüger N, Beck PSA, Blach-Overgaard A, Blok D, Cornelissen JHC, Forbes BC, Georges D, Goetz SJ, Guay KC, Henry GHR, HilleRisLambers J, Hollister RD, Karger DN, Kattge J, Manning P, Prevéy JS, Rixen C, Schaepman-Strub G, Thomas HJD, Vellend M, Wilmking M, Wipf S, Carbognani M, Hermanutz L, Lévesque E, Molau U, Petraglia A, Soudzilovskaia NA, Spasojevic MJ, Tomaselli M, Vowles T, Alatalo JM, Alexander HD, Anadon-Rosell A, Angers-Blondin S, Beest MT, Berner L, Björk RG, Buchwal A, Buras A, Christie K, Cooper EJ, Dullinger S, Elberling B, Eskelinen A, Frei ER, Grau O, Grogan P, Hallinger M, Harper KA, Heijmans MMPD, Hudson J, Hülber K, Iturrate-Garcia M, Iversen CM, Jaroszynska F, Johnstone JF, Jørgensen RH, Kaarlejärvi E, Klady R, Kuleza S, Kulonen A, Lamarque LJ, Lantz T, Little CJ, Speed JDM, Michelsen A, Milbau A, Nabe-Nielsen J, Nielsen SS, Ninot JM, Oberbauer SF, Olofsson J, Onipchenko VG, Rumpf SB, Semenchuk P, Shetti R, Collier LS, Street LE, Suding KN, Tape KD, Trant A, Treier UA, Tremblay JP, Tremblay M, Venn S, Weijers S, Zamin T, Boulanger-Lapointe N, Gould WA, Hik DS, Hofgaard A, Jónsdóttir IS, Jorgenson J, Klein J, Magnusson B, Tweedie C, Wookey PA, Bahn M, Blonder B, van Bodegom PM, Bond-Lamberty B, Campetella G, Cerabolini BEL, Chapin FS 3rd, Cornwell WK, Craine J, Dainese M, de Vries FT, Díaz S, Enquist BJ, Green W, Milla R, Niinemets Ü, Onoda Y, Ordoñez JC, Ozinga WA, Penuelas J, Poorter H, Poschlod P, Reich PB, Sandel B, Schamp B, Sheremetev S, and Weiher E

Subjects
Biometry, Geographic Mapping, Humidity, Phenotype, Soil chemistry, Spatio-Temporal Analysis, Temperature, Water analysis, Global Warming, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plants anatomy & histology, Tundra
Abstract

The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature-trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.

Published
2018
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10. The global spectrum of plant form and function.

Author

Díaz S, Kattge J, Cornelissen JH, Wright IJ, Lavorel S, Dray S, Reu B, Kleyer M, Wirth C, Prentice IC, Garnier E, Bönisch G, Westoby M, Poorter H, Reich PB, Moles AT, Dickie J, Gillison AN, Zanne AE, Chave J, Wright SJ, Sheremet'ev SN, Jactel H, Baraloto C, Cerabolini B, Pierce S, Shipley B, Kirkup D, Casanoves F, Joswig JS, Günther A, Falczuk V, Rüger N, Mahecha MD, and Gorné LD

Subjects
Biodiversity, Databases, Factual, Genetic Variation, Internationality, Models, Biological, Nitrogen analysis, Organ Size, Plant Development, Plant Leaves anatomy & histology, Plant Stems anatomy & histology, Plants classification, Reproduction, Seeds anatomy & histology, Selection, Genetic, Species Specificity, Phenotype, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Plants anatomy & histology
Abstract

Earth is home to a remarkable diversity of plant forms and life histories, yet comparatively few essential trait combinations have proved evolutionarily viable in today's terrestrial biosphere. By analysing worldwide variation in six major traits critical to growth, survival and reproduction within the largest sample of vascular plant species ever compiled, we found that occupancy of six-dimensional trait space is strongly concentrated, indicating coordination and trade-offs. Three-quarters of trait variation is captured in a two-dimensional global spectrum of plant form and function. One major dimension within this plane reflects the size of whole plants and their parts; the other represents the leaf economics spectrum, which balances leaf construction costs against growth potential. The global plant trait spectrum provides a backdrop for elucidating constraints on evolution, for functionally qualifying species and ecosystems, and for improving models that predict future vegetation based on continuous variation in plant form and function.

Published
2016
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11. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size.

Author

Stephenson NL, Das AJ, Condit R, Russo SE, Baker PJ, Beckman NG, Coomes DA, Lines ER, Morris WK, Rüger N, Alvarez E, Blundo C, Bunyavejchewin S, Chuyong G, Davies SJ, Duque A, Ewango CN, Flores O, Franklin JF, Grau HR, Hao Z, Harmon ME, Hubbell SP, Kenfack D, Lin Y, Makana JR, Malizia A, Malizia LR, Pabst RJ, Pongpattananurak N, Su SH, Sun IF, Tan S, Thomas D, van Mantgem PJ, Wang X, Wiser SK, and Zavala MA

Subjects
Aging metabolism, Biomass, Climate, Geography, Models, Biological, Plant Leaves growth & development, Plant Leaves metabolism, Sample Size, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Trees classification, Trees growth & development, Tropical Climate, Body Size, Carbon metabolism, Carbon Cycle, Trees anatomy & histology, Trees metabolism
Abstract

Forests are major components of the global carbon cycle, providing substantial feedback to atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Our ability to understand and predict changes in the forest carbon cycle--particularly net primary productivity and carbon storage--increasingly relies on models that represent biological processes across several scales of biological organization, from tree leaves to forest stands. Yet, despite advances in our understanding of productivity at the scales of leaves and stands, no consensus exists about the nature of productivity at the scale of the individual tree, in part because we lack a broad empirical assessment of whether rates of absolute tree mass growth (and thus carbon accumulation) decrease, remain constant, or increase as trees increase in size and age. Here we present a global analysis of 403 tropical and temperate tree species, showing that for most species mass growth rate increases continuously with tree size. Thus, large, old trees do not act simply as senescent carbon reservoirs but actively fix large amounts of carbon compared to smaller trees; at the extreme, a single big tree can add the same amount of carbon to the forest within a year as is contained in an entire mid-sized tree. The apparent paradoxes of individual tree growth increasing with tree size despite declining leaf-level and stand-level productivity can be explained, respectively, by increases in a tree's total leaf area that outpace declines in productivity per unit of leaf area and, among other factors, age-related reductions in population density. Our results resolve conflicting assumptions about the nature of tree growth, inform efforts to undertand and model forest carbon dynamics, and have additional implications for theories of resource allocation and plant senescence.

Published
2014
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