1. Chitosan nanoparticles having higher degree of acetylation induce resistance against pearl millet downy mildew through nitric oxide generation.
- Author
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Siddaiah CN, Prasanth KVH, Satyanarayana NR, Mudili V, Gupta VK, Kalagatur NK, Satyavati T, Dai XF, Chen JY, Mocan A, Singh BP, and Srivastava RK
- Subjects
- Acetylation, Benzoates pharmacology, Catalase antagonists & inhibitors, Catalase genetics, Catalase immunology, Catechol Oxidase antagonists & inhibitors, Catechol Oxidase genetics, Catechol Oxidase immunology, Chitosan chemistry, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant drug effects, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant immunology, Germination physiology, Imidazoles pharmacology, Nitric Oxide agonists, Nitric Oxide antagonists & inhibitors, Pennisetum genetics, Pennisetum immunology, Pennisetum microbiology, Peronospora growth & development, Peronospora pathogenicity, Peroxidase antagonists & inhibitors, Peroxidase genetics, Peroxidase immunology, Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase antagonists & inhibitors, Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase genetics, Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase immunology, Plant Diseases genetics, Plant Diseases immunology, Plant Diseases microbiology, Plant Proteins antagonists & inhibitors, Plant Proteins immunology, Seedlings drug effects, Seedlings genetics, Seedlings immunology, Seedlings microbiology, Seeds drug effects, Seeds genetics, Seeds immunology, Seeds microbiology, Superoxide Dismutase antagonists & inhibitors, Superoxide Dismutase genetics, Superoxide Dismutase immunology, Chitosan pharmacology, Disease Resistance genetics, Nanoparticles chemistry, Nitric Oxide biosynthesis, Pennisetum drug effects, Plant Proteins genetics
- Abstract
Downy mildew of pearl millet caused by the biotrophic oomycete Sclerospora graminicola is the most devastating disease which impairs pearl millet production causing huge yield and monetary losses. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) were synthesized from low molecular weight chitosan having higher degree of acetylation was evaluated for their efficacy against downy mildew disease of pearl millet caused by Sclerospora graminicola. Laboratory studies showed that CNP seed treatment significantly enhanced pearl millet seed germination percentage and seedling vigor compared to the control. Seed treatment with CNP induced systemic and durable resistance and showed significant downy mildew protection under greenhouse conditions in comparison to the untreated control. Seed treatment with CNP showed changes in gene expression profiles wherein expression of genes of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were highly upregulated. CNP treatment resulted in earlier and higher expression of the pathogenesis related proteins PR1 and PR5. Downy mildew protective effect offered by CNP was found to be modulated by nitric oxide and treatment with CNP along with NO inhibitors cPTIO completely abolished the gene expression of defense enzymes and PR proteins. Further, comparative analysis of CNP with Chitosan revealed that the very small dosage of CNP performed at par with recommended dose of Chitosan for downy mildew management.
- Published
- 2018
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