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Although low socioeconomic status (SES) is related to poor glycemic control, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We examined potentially modifiable factors involved in the association between low SES and poor glycemic control using data from the baseline survey of a multicenter, prospective cohort study. Five hundred adult type 2 diabetes patients were recruited from three diabetes centers. Glycemic control was poorer in diabetic individuals with low SES than in those with higher SES. Adverse health-related behaviors, such as non-adherence to medication (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.13) and diet (AOR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06); existing comorbidities, such as depressive symptoms (AOR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.09); and non-adherence to essential health service-related practices concerning diabetes care, such as irregular scheduled clinic visits (AOR = 1.04, 95% CI 1.03-1.06) and not practicing self-monitoring of blood glucose (AOR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07), mediated the relationship between social adversity and poor glycemic control specially in urban areas of Bangladesh. Those identified factors provide useful information for developing interventions to mitigate socioeconomic disparities in glycemic control.