1. Discovery of driver non-coding splice-site-creating mutations in cancer.
- Author
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Cao S, Zhou DC, Oh C, Jayasinghe RG, Zhao Y, Yoon CJ, Wyczalkowski MA, Bailey MH, Tsou T, Gao Q, Malone A, Reynolds S, Shmulevich I, Wendl MC, Chen F, and Ding L
- Subjects
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 genetics, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 metabolism, Databases, Genetic, Exons, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic genetics, Humans, Introns, MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 genetics, MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 metabolism, MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 genetics, MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 4 metabolism, Mutation, Neoplasms metabolism, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases genetics, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 metabolism, RNA, Untranslated, RNA-Seq, Repressor Proteins genetics, Repressor Proteins metabolism, Smad4 Protein genetics, Smad4 Protein metabolism, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 genetics, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 metabolism, Exome Sequencing, X-linked Nuclear Protein genetics, X-linked Nuclear Protein metabolism, Neoplasms genetics, RNA Precursors genetics, RNA Splice Sites, RNA Splicing
- Abstract
Non-coding mutations can create splice sites, however the true extent of how such somatic non-coding mutations affect RNA splicing are largely unexplored. Here we use the MiSplice pipeline to analyze 783 cancer cases with WGS data and 9494 cases with WES data, discovering 562 non-coding mutations that lead to splicing alterations. Notably, most of these mutations create new exons. Introns associated with new exon creation are significantly larger than the genome-wide average intron size. We find that some mutation-induced splicing alterations are located in genes important in tumorigenesis (ATRX, BCOR, CDKN2B, MAP3K1, MAP3K4, MDM2, SMAD4, STK11, TP53 etc.), often leading to truncated proteins and affecting gene expression. The pattern emerging from these exon-creating mutations suggests that splice sites created by non-coding mutations interact with pre-existing potential splice sites that originally lacked a suitable splicing pair to induce new exon formation. Our study suggests the importance of investigating biological and clinical consequences of noncoding splice-inducing mutations that were previously neglected by conventional annotation pipelines. MiSplice will be useful for automatically annotating the splicing impact of coding and non-coding mutations in future large-scale analyses.
- Published
- 2020
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