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Abstract Developmental disabilities prevalence seem to be high in countries around the world. It’s worth understanding the most recent prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities. The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities of US children and adolescents. A total of 26,422 individuals aged 3–17 years were included. Annual data were examined from the National Health Interview Survey (2018–2021). Weighted prevalence for each of the selected developmental disabilities were calculated. The prevalence of any developmental disabilities in individuals was 16.65% (95% CI 16.03–17.26%), prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability (LD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability (ID), and other developmental delay were 9.57% (95% CI 9.09–10.06%), 7.45% (95% CI 7.00–7.89%), 2.94% (95% CI 2.67–3.21%), 1.72% (95% CI 1.51–1.93%), and 5.24% (95% CI 4.89–5.59%), respectively. Significant increases were observed for other developmental delay (4.02–6.05%) and co-occurring LD & ID (1.03–1.82%). Findings form this study highlight a high prevalence of any developmental disabilities, although no significant increase was observed. The prevalence of other developmental delay and co-occurring LD & ID were significantly increased. Further investigation is warranted to assess potentially modifiable risk factors and causes of developmental disabilities.

Abstract Traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control systems often encounter challenges related to nonlinearity and time-variability. Original dung beetle optimizer (DBO) offers fast convergence and strong local exploitation capabilities. However, they are limited by poor exploration capabilities, imbalance between exploration and exploitation phases, and insufficient precision in global search. This paper proposes a novel adaptive PID control algorithm based on enhanced dung beetle optimizer (EDBO) and back propagation neural network (BPNN). Firstly, the diversity of exploration is increased by incorporating a merit-oriented mechanism into the rolling behavior. Then, a sine learning factor is introduced to balance the global exploration and local exploitation capabilities. Additionally, a dynamic spiral search strategy and adaptive $$t$$ -distribution disturbance are presented to enhance search precision and global search capability. The BPNN is employed to fine-tune both PID and network parameters, leveraging its powerful generalization and learning ability to model nonlinear system dynamics. In the simplified motor experiments, the proposed controller achieved the lowest overshoot (0.5%) and the shortest response time (0.012 s), with a settling time of 0.02 s and a steady-state error of just 0.0010. In another set of experiments, the proposed controller recorded an overshoot and response time of 0.7% and 0.0010 s, across five DC motor tests. These results demonstrate the proposed adaptive PID control algorithm has superior performance in optimizing control system parameters, as well as improving system robustness and stability.

Abstract The self-calibration parallel imaging (SC-SENSE) method reconstructs the image by estimating the coil sensitivity matrix. In order to obtain the sensitivity matrix, it is necessary to take a small amount of automatic calibration signal lines (ACSL) in the center of k-space. This method uses the data of the central region to obtain the sensitivity matrix, and then the reconstructed image is obtained. This paper proposed the triple cycle optimization (TCO) method to continuously optimize reconstructed images. The proposed TCO method takes the sensitivity matrix obtained by ACSL and substituted the reconstructed image as the initial data generation into the loop, and estimates the k-space data repeatedly. A new sensitivity matrix is obtained by using k-space data and the reconstructed image, and a stable triple cycle is obtained. In the cycle, all data are optimized to a certain extent, including the reconstructed image. Experimental results show that under the same sampling density, images reconstructed by using the triple cycle optimization method have lower noise and artifacts than those of the traditional method. When combined with the variable density sampling method, the effect is remarkable with a much low sampling rate.

Abstract Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRWW) that contains recalcitrant components as the major portion of constituents is difficult to treat by conventional biological processes. An effective and economical biological treatment process was established to treat industrial PRWW with an influent COD of over 2500 mg L−1 in this research. This process is mainly composed of internal circulation biological aerated filter (ICBAF), hydrolysis acidfication (HA), two anaerobic–aerobic (A/O) units, a membrane biological reactor (MBR), and ozone-activated carbon (O3-AC) units. The results showed that, overall, this system removed over 94% of the COD, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and phosphorus in the influent, with the ICBAF unit accounting for 54.6% of COD removal and 83.6% of BOD5 removal, and the two A/O units accounting for 33.3% of COD removal and 9.4% of BOD5 removal. The degradation processes of eight organic pollutants and their removal via treatment were also analyzed. Furthermore, 26 bacteria were identified in this system, with Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria being the most dominant. Ultimately, the treatment process exhibited good performance in degrading complex organic pollutants in the PRWW.

Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are needed to fight the pandemic. Here the authors show immunogenicity of an adjuvanted subunit vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trimerized with trimer-tag technology, in small animal models and protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in non-human primates.

Abstract To develop age- and sex-specific physical fitness reference standards and express the age- and sex-related differences using standardized effect sizes for Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 85,535 children and adolescents (48.7% girls) aged 7–18 years were recruited from six geographical divisions of China using a stratified randomized cluster sampling method. Seven physical fitness items including grip strength, standing long jump, 30-s sit-ups, sit and reach, 50-m dash, 20-s repeated straddling, and 20-m SRT were measured following a standardized procedure. Percentile curves for each physical fitness test were calculated using the LMS. Age- and sex-related differences were expressed as standardized effect sizes. We observed that the performance improved with age along with the analyzed percentiles in all tests. Boys had higher values compared to girls in all the physical fitness items except for sit and reach test, where girls showed better performance in all analyzed percentiles. Also, the sex differences increased with ages except sit and reach. There is a need for a differentiated approach in the physical education class in terms of adjustment of physical activity based on sex, level of fitness abilities in China.

Renewable hydrogen technologies are promising for alternative energy, but are encumbered by the kinetics of electrochemical reactions in harsh conditions. Here, authors report nitrogen-modified hafnium oxyhydroxide for electrocatalysis of hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions in acidic media.

Abstract Chemical conditioning has been used for enhancing wastewater sludge dewaterability for many years, but the characteristics of odorous pollutants emission in sludge conditioning were still unclear. In this work, the transfer behavior of different odorous pollutants between air, liquid and solid phases under typical chemical conditioning processes for high-pressure dewatering was systematically investigated. The results indicated that that besides hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3), 21 kinds of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while the concentrations and composition of odorous pollutants varied greatly for different conditioning processes. VOCs were composed by three main constituents including benzenes, halogeno benzene and hydrocarbons. According to mass balance analysis, about 50% of VOCs adsorbed within sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) fraction. Since EPS was damaged and/or flocculation in different chemical conditioning processes, VOCs distributed in solid phase transformed into liquid phase and then released into air. The discrepancies in mass of odorous pollutants before and after chemical conditioning were likely to be related to chemical conversion under acidification, oxidation and precipitation in the presence of ferric ions.