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This report presents the results of Task 3 'Computer Modelling' of the International Road Tunnel Fire Detection Research Project (Phase II). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations were conducted, using the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS), to help understand and optimize the technical specifications and installation requirements for application of fire detection technologies in road tunnels.

This report presents the results of experiments to study room fire behaviour beyond flashover. Seven room-scale fire experiments were conducted in simulated retail settings with the following products: computers, clothing, toys, shoes, books and cooking products (fast food restaurants). The tests measured peak heat release rates, and the rate of fire growth as a result of differences in the ignitability and flame spread behaviour of the different test materials.

This report presents the results of nine medium-scale fire experiments from the first phase of a joint research project between Carleton University and IRC's Fire Research Program, which were conducted to determine the burning characteristics of combustibles in commercial premises. The test facility used was a test room with ISO 9705 compatible dimensions and the fire load density used in the experiments ranged from 661 MJ/m2 to 4,900 MJ/m2. The fire load density and composition of combustibles were determined from a survey of commercial buildings that was conducted by Carleton University in the Canadian cities of Ottawa and Gatineau.

As Canada and other countries move from prescriptive-based building codes to performance/objective-based codes, new design tools are needed to aid in demonstrating that compliance with these new codes has been achieved. One such tool is the computer model FiRECAM, which has been developed over the past decade by the Fire Risk Management Program of the Institute for Research in Construction at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). FiRECAM is a computer model for evaluating fire protection systems in residential and office buildings that can be used to compare the expected safety and cost of candidate fire protection options., Alors que le Canada et d'autres pays passent de codes du bâtiment de type normatif à des codes axés sur les objectifs, de nouveaux outils de conception sont requis pour aider à démontrer la conformité à ces nouveaux codes. Un de ces outils est le programme de modélisation FiRECAM, qui a été mis au point au cours de la dernière décennie par le programme Gestion des risques d'incendie de l'Institut de recherche en construction du Conseil national de recherches du Canada (CNRC). FiRECAM [1,2] est un modèle informatique pour l'évaluation des installations de protection-incendie dans les habitations et les immeubles à bureaux qui peut être utilisé pour comparer le degré de sécurité et le coût des options de protection-incendie envisagées.

As Canada and other countries move from prescriptive-based building codes to performance/objective-based codes, new design tools are needed to demonstrate that compliance with these new codes has been achieved. One such tool is the computer model FiRECAM, which has been developed over the past decade by the Fire Risk Management Program of the Institute for Research in Construction at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). FiRECAM is a computer model for evaluating fire protection systems in residential and office buildings that can be used to compare the expected safety and cost of candidate fire protection options.

This report describes the theory of the Enclosed Pool Fire Development Model. The choice to use this particular model is made by the user, based on their knowledge of the building being evaluated and its occupancy, fuel loads, etc. The model calculates the quantities, which characterize the fire (heat release rate, temperature and thermal radiation heat fluxes) as a function of time. The equations used are taken from The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering [2] and SINTEF's Handbook for Fire Calculations and Fire Risk Assessment in the Process Industry [3]. The user should consult these references forinformation on the assumptions and limitations inherent in these equations before using this model.

As Canada and other countries move from prescriptive-based building codes to performance/objective-based codes, new design tools are needed to aid in demonstrating that compliance with these new codes has been achieved. One such tool is the computer model FiRECAM, which has been developed over the past decade by the Fire Risk Management Program of the Institute for Research in Construction at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). FiRECAM is a computer model for evaluating fire protection systems in residential and office buildings that can be used to compare the expected safety and cost of candidate fire protection options.

As Canada and other countries move from prescriptive-based building codes to performance/objective-based codes, new design tools are needed to demonstrate that compliance with these new codes has been achieved. One such tool is the computer model FiRECAM, which has been developed over the past decade by the Fire Risk Management Program of the Institute for Research in Construction at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). FiRECAM is a computer model for evaluating fire protection systems in residential and office buildings that can be used to compare the expected safety and cost of candidate fire protection options. To evaluate fire protection systems in light industrial buildings, a new computer model is being developed. This model, whose current focus is aircraft hangars and warehouses, is based on a framework that allows designers to establish objectives, select fire scenarios that may occur in the building and evaluate the impact of each of the selected scenarios on life safety, property protection and business interruption. The new computer model is called FIERAsystem, which stands for Fire Evaluation and Risk Assessment system. FIERAsystem uses time-dependent deterministic and probabilistic models to evaluate the impact of selected fire scenarios on life, property and business interruption. The mainFIERAsystem submodels calculate fire development, smoke movement through a building, time of failure of building elements and occupant response and evacuation. In addition, there are submodels dealing with the effectiveness of fire suppression systems and the response of fire departments. The Occupant Response Model (OCRM) is used to estimate the probabilities of occupants starting to evacuate a building at different times in the event of a fire. The probabilities to commence evacuation and the delay times computed by OCRM are then used by the Occupant Evacuation Model (OEVM) which calculates occupant movementfrom their location to the exterior of the building. This information is used by the Expected Number of Deaths Model to estimate how many occupants in the building would perish during the fire. OCRM also calculates the probability of fire department notification and the expected notification time. In this report, the theory basis of OCRM and OEVM is described, as well as the various factors used in the models.

As Canada and other countries move from prescriptive-based building codes to performance/objective-based codes, new design tools are needed to aid in demonstrating that compliance with these new codes has been achieved. One such tool is the computer model FiRECAM, which has been developed over the past decade by the Fire Risk Management Program of the Institute for Research in Construction at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). FiRECAM is a computer model for evaluating fire protection systems in residential and office buildings that can be used to compare the expected safety and cost of candidate fire protection options.To evaluate fire protection systems in light industrial buildings, a new computer model is being developed. This model, whose current focus is aircraft hangars and warehouses, is based on a framework that allows designers to establish objectives, select fire scenarios that may occur in the building and evaluate the impact of each of the selected scenarios on life safety, property protection and business interruption. The new computer model is called FIERAsystem, which stands for Fire Evaluation and Risk Assessment system.

As Canada and other countries move from prescriptive-based building codes to performance/objective-based codes, new design tools are needed to demonstrate that compliance with these new codes has been achieved. One such tool is the computer model FiRECAM, which has been developed over the past decade by the Fire Risk Management Program of the Institute for Research in Construction at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). FiRECAM is a computer model for evaluating fire protection systems in residential and office buildings that can be used to compare the relative expected safety and cost of candidate fire protection options.The purpose of this document is to describe two sub-models of FIERAsystem, namely, the Fire Department Response Model (FDRM) and the Fire Department Effectiveness Model (FDEM). These two sub-models, though can be used as stand-alone models, are strongly interconnected. The time of intervention of a fire department that is calculated by the FDRM is used in the calculations of the FDEM.

This report describes the theoretical framework of the detector response model (DTRM) of FIERAsystem. The detection model predicts the time to heat detector activation as a result of a fire in a compartment. Wherever possible, theory and correlations commonly used are incorporated in the model. For this reason, the model presented here is similar in many ways to models such as LAVENT [1], FPETOOL [2], DETACT-QS [3] and ASMET [4].

This report describes a two-zone model developed at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) to predict fire growth and smoke production and movement in a multi-compartment building. The development of this model is primarily intended to help evaluate the risk from fires in buildings. This report describes the theoretical physical models, numerical methods, and also presents some verification examples.The report describes the derivation of the whole set of the governing ordinary differential equations (ODE). The selected independent governing variables for each compartment are pressure, enthalpy of upper layer, and mass of upper and lower layers. The implemented fire physical sub-models are described; including combustion and chemistry model, fluid flow model and heat transfer model. The combustion and chemistry model includes the calculation of heat release rate and species production and consumption rates, while the fluid flow model includes the calculation of plume entrainment, door/window type vent flow, ceiling vent flow, mechanical ventilation, stair shaft flow, and species transport. The heat transfer model includes the calculation of heat conduction, heat convection, ceiling jet-induced heat convection, and radiation heat transfer.

The FlERAsystem Storage Rack Fire Development Model calculates quantities that characterize a fire as a function of time such as heat release rates, temperatures and heat fluxes. Most of the equations used in this model are standard engineering correlations taken from fire protection enqineering handbooks. Results from this fire development model are used by other FIERAsystem models in order to determine theeffects of fire on occupants, and the building and its contents.

The Suppression Effectiveness Model of FlERAsystem modifies the heat release rate, temperature and heat flux data from the FlERAsystem Fire Development Models to account for the effects of sprinklers that activate. This calculation uses a single suppression effectiveness value, which is input by theuser. Information from the Suppression Effectiveness Model is used to calculate the fire spread and life hazard in the building.

The Simple Correlations Model of FlERAsystem consists of a number of equations and models that are commonly used by fire protection engineers to quickly estimate various fire characteristics. This report describes the equations used in the Simple Correlations Model, and provides references where more information can be obtained on the underlying theory for each of the equations.

The Life Hazard Model of FlERAsystem calculates the time-dependent probability of death of occupants in a compartment due to the effects of being exposed to high heat fluxes and hot and/or toxic gases. The Life Hazard Model uses input from other FlERAsystem models that describe the heat fluxes (Fire Development and Smoke Movement Models) in the compartment, and the temperature and chemical composition of hot gases (Smoke Movement Model). Information from this model for each compartment in the building is used along with the residual population in each compartment (Occupant Evacuation Model) in order to calculate the expected number of deaths in each compartment (Expected Number of Deaths Model).

Previous research into protective clothing for fire fighters is discussed in this report. Particular emphasis is placed on research into estimating the useful life of this clothing. Other areas covered in this review include the development of test standards, moisture transfer in clothing, heat stress, design criteria, chemical protective clothing and heat transfer modelling of protective clothing. Some recommendations for future workare also presented.

The present study is part of a joint research project of the National Fire Laboratory, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, partially funded by the Department of National Defence and Public Works and Government Services Canada. The purpose of the project is to develop fire safety design guidelines that can be used for the design of fire protection systems in Canadian federal buildings.

The evacuation of occupants during a fire depends on occupant behaviour, the physical environment, warnings required and the development of the fire. This document describes the Occupant Evacuation Model for apartment and office buildings developed at the National Fire Laboratory. This model is used in the FiRECAMTM system model to compute the movement of occupants in the building and determine thenumber of occupants who are able to evacuate the building and those who are considered trapped in the building. The Occupant Evacuation Model is capable of handling large populations in a building up to 12,000 occupants and tracking the location of each individual during the evacuation process.The model is validated using the results of fire evacuation studies in Canadian apartment and office buildings. This report describes the methodology used in the model and presents a comparison of model results to data from actual drills in both office and apartment buildings.

This report describes the Economic Model of the NFL risk-cost assessment model, FiRECAM. The Economic Model is used to calculate the capital costs of building components and fire protection equipment, as well as the annual costs of component replacement, maintenance and of organizational activities.

This report describes the Property Loss Model of the NFL risk-cost assessment model FiRECAM. The Property Loss Model is used to calculate the expected fire losses in a building from heat, smoke and water for each fire scenario. The expected losses include both damages to the building and damages to building contents.

This report describes the Ignition Potential Model, developed at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). This model can be used independently, or as a part of the risk assessment model FiRECAM, as a tool to provide an estimate of the ignition potential in a building.

This report describes the Fire Cost Expectation Model of the NFL risk-cost assessment model, FiRECAM. The Fire Cost Expectation Model uses the output of both the Economic Model and the Property Loss Model to generate a value for the cost of fire damage and the cost of fire-related systems, normalized by the cost of the building and its contents.

This document describes the FiRECAM system model as well as each of the individual submodels. The submodel linkages and interactions are described along with a summary of their respective results. Additional sections of this report also describe the FiRECAM input files and its contents, and the output data produced by a FiRECAM run.

This report provides descriptions of the major routines of the Computerized Fire Incident Reporting System - COFIRES TM developed by the National Fire Laboratory of the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada for the collection of fire statistics. A description of how to use COFIRES TM and explanations of its many features can be found in the COFIRES TM User's Manual.The appendices of this report contain details of the internal database structure used by COFIRES TM as well as a list of the software that was used to create COFIRES TM.

This report briefly describes a two-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics model for compartment fire simulations. The model is based on the numerical control volume solution of the governing partial differential equations for mass, momentum and energy conservation and it models fire as a heat and mass source. The governing equations are solved over a boundary-fitted coordinate system which allows the application of the model to rooms with complex geometrics.