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The paper presents the results of an empirical study aimed at analysing the role of self-regulation in different approaches to learning that were established in the previous studies. We examined whether certain categories of metacognitive strategies were present in the deep, surface and achievement-oriented approach. The sample included 560 first- to fifth-year students of the Teacher Training Faculty, the Faculty of Philosophy and the Faculty of Philology of the University of Belgrade. A shorter version of the Instrument for measuring learning goals and strategies was applied. The previous research had established that learning goals and strategies comprised by this instrument were grouped into three second-order factors: the surface, deep and achievement-oriented approach to learning. The items from the Scale of students' metacognitive strategies were included. Factor analysis confirmed the existence of the three approaches to learning that include learning goals and strategies. We analysed the frequency of individual approaches to learning on the total sample, the frequency of individual approaches in the respondents of different gender and the correlations of the approach to learning with the age, year of studies and academic achievement. Different metacognitive strategies contribute to the defining of the deep and achievement-oriented approach to learning, but they do not occur in the surface approach to learning. According to the obtained findings, self-regulation can play different roles in accordance with the goals set by students and the strategies used in learning. The results of this study point to possible directions of encouraging the deep approach to learning and self-regulation at the university level, as well as in primary and secondary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides the presentation of different operationalisations of components in different models of learning. Special emphasis is on the empirical verifications of relations between components. Starting from the research of congruence between learning motives and strategies, underlying the general model of school learning that comprises different approaches to learning, we have analysed the empirical verifications of factor structure of instruments containing the scales of motives and learning strategies corresponding to these motives. Considering the problems in the conceptualisation of the achievement approach to learning, we have discussed the ways of operationalising the goal orientations and exploring their role in using learning strategies, especially within the model of the regulation of constructive learning processes. This model has served as the basis for researching learning styles that are the combination of a large number of components. Complex relations between the components point to the need for further investigation of the constructs involved in various models. We have discussed the findings and implications of the studies of relations between the components involved in different models, especially between learning motives/goals and learning strategies. We have analysed the role of regulation in the learning process, whose elaboration, as indicated by empirical findings, can contribute to a more precise operationalisation of certain learning components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defensive behaviour after failure, such as denial of the responsibility for own achievement, reduces person's openness for further learning and development and, thus, is undesirable in pedagogical practice. General causality orientations successfully predict defensive behaviours after failure. Autonomous causality orientation implies behaviours motivated by personal growth and development, while controlling orientation purports ego-involved behaviours aimed at proving one's own self-worth. The research was conducted with the aim of testing two hypotheses (additive and synergistic) about the influence of general causality orientations and their combinations on defensive attribution of failure on the exam. After their faculty exam, N=158 psychology students answered questions about the expected grade and they filled out two questionnaires: Attribution of Success on the Test and General Causality Orientation Scale. The results showed that internal attribution of success is related to greater expected grade and higher autonomous causality orientation. External attribution was characteristic for individuals with high controlling causal orientation. It was confirmed that general causality orientations can predict the way a person perceives academic success. Thus, we give recommendations on how to support and encourage autonomous and discourage controlling behaviours of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a presentation of 3P model of learning (Presage-Process-Product), which comprises learning approaches placed in a wider context of the set of variables related to personality, environment, process and outcomes of learning. Three approaches to learning - surface, deep and achievement-oriented - consist of motives and the corresponding learning strategies. There is a discussion of the findings and implications of a great deal of research using the instruments based on this model. We analysed research findings about the effect of instruction on learning approaches acquired by pupils, and especially students. It is shown how based on learning approach employed by pupils it is possible to draw conclusions about the quality of instruction. Testing the instruments on various samples indicates that the model is applicable in different cultures. Cross-cultural research opened up the problem of relation between memorising and understanding. Further research is necessary, both empirical and theoretical, that is, development of conceptualisation of these constructs, and especially their role in education. Perspectives for further research also open up in the direction of studying various factors connected with personality and their relations with learning approaches. The role of learning approaches of teachers in developing the learning approaches of pupils is yet to be examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of this paper are two orientations towards goals that were identified in a large number of studies: orientations towards learning and orientations towards achievement. Social goals of pupils were especially discussed. There is the analysis of the relations of these orientations with success in learning, as well as with other variables related to personality and environment. Special treatment was given to the findings of empirical research indicating the possibility of existence of multiple orientations towards goals. That means that they can be in different mutual relations and in such a way exert different influence on the achievement of success in learning. Complementary effect of different goals enables flexible behaviour of pupils in different situations, and coordination of different goals can be especially important for achieving success. Regarding the conceptualisation of individual orientations, it was demonstrated how it is possible to treat separately both the different strivings within orientation towards achievement and orientation towards studying, and the different social goals of pupils. The characteristics of learning situation, as well as the way in which the pupil experiences the task of learning, are significant for the effect orientations can have on goals and on achievement of success in learning. Some recommendations for encouraging the pupil in teaching process are listed, as well as the implications for further research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents different views on self-regulation in the process of learning. What is shown is the model in which self-regulation is treated as the interaction of processes connected to personality, behavioural and contextual processes. The regulation processes are organised in several phases, and within each phase self-regulatory activities are structured in different fields. Special attention is paid to the application of strategies - cognitive, meta-cognitive, motivational and strategies of resource management. As a critical component of self-regulation, the monitoring and the steps it consists of were discussed in more detail. The emphasis is on the role of feedback in monitoring, as well as on the wider significance it has for self-regulation in the process of learning. Since orientation towards the goal is considered an essential aspect of self-regulation, what was performed was the analysis of the results and implications of different researches of the relation of pupils' orientations towards the goals with regulation of the process of learning. The possibilities for encouraging self-regulation in the tuition process were considered. By enabling pupils to make decisions, set their own goals, perform the choice and plan and organise their activities, the development of self-regulation and autonomy is encouraged. The guidelines for planning the training aimed towards the development of strategy behaviour in pupils are stated. What is presented are the different methods which are applied within the model and interventions in tuition directed towards encouragement of self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with different theoretical views and research regarding metacognition, its components and relations to cognition, conceptual discrepancy as well as opposing research results. Special attention was paid to the relation between metacognitive knowledge and the regulation of cognitive strategies. Reflexive awareness about personal cognitive processes is emphasized, but research discrepancies are apparent in regard to cognitive regulation. Research results focused on development of personal learning awareness and regulative skill involvement in the educational process (planning, monitoring and evaluating) are presented. A discussion was also focused on various views on relations between metacognition and the self, which are of special importance for providing motivation in learning. Research data show that metacognitive awareness correlates with self. Metacognitive training affects development of the control experience and self-efficiency. The role of metacognition is emphasized as important for understanding relationship between cognition and motivation, which also affects learning self-regulation development. The paper emphasizes the significance of further study of metacognition and the possibilities for its use in the educational process. Research show that both metacognitive knowledge and regulation may be beneficial for: problem solving in learning processes, development of learning strategies and student achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents portion of the results obtained in a more extensive study dealing with monitoring of the work methods and the effects of an experimental implementation of the Trefoil pedagogical approach, developed based on pedagogical theories by the researchers from Belgrade. The Trefoil is based on using group work, creative play, open-ended tasks, critical dialogue, research work and students' involvement in projects for which teachers were trained through implementation and reflexive practice. The aim of this longitudinal study is to determine the effects of the participants were all teachers and students of an urban primary school during one school year. Data on students' creative work were collected and compared before and after the experiment, obtained by expert observation of classes and a teacher and student questionnaire. Data were processed using one-way analysis of variance for repeated mearsures and two-way mixed analysis of variance. The results pointed to positive effects of the Trefoil approach, which, according to qualitative data, could probably have been bigger if the experiment had lasted longer. Different assessors noticed progress in encouraging students' creativity, but in different domains. The results have confirmed the justifiability of using the Trefoil approach, provided that its validity is tested by implementation in other educational contexts for the purposes of further research and enhancement of the initial conception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]