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Objective: To evaluate whether hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) or chloroquine (CQ) are effective for the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP)., Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in four databases. Clinical studies investigating the effect of HCQ/CQ in patients with OLP were included., Results: Eleven studies were included. Four were RCTs and seven quasi-experimental studies. The studies included 390 patients diagnosed with OLP, of which 326 and 7 received HCQ and CQ, respectively. 46 patients received topical dexamethasone, 5 placebo and 6 griseofulvin as controls. Five studies assessed pain, and all of them obtained pain reduction with the use of HCQ. Six studies reported objective clinical improvement of OLP with the use of HCQ. Five studies that used a subjective scale obtained that 24%-100% of the patients achieved a complete/almost complete improvement of OLP lesions and its symptomatology. The most frequent side effects were vision problems, gastric discomfort, rash, nauseas, headaches, skin pigmentation, and elevated kidney function. 17 patients had to withdraw from the studies., Conclusions: Current evidence is scarce to confirm HCQ as a therapeutic option for OLP. More RCTs are needed to compare its efficacy with topical corticosteroids and to evaluate whether HCQ reduces relapses of OLP., (© 2024 The Authors. Oral Diseases published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate which salivary biomarkers are altered in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) compared to a control group (CG). A comprehensive literature search was conducted in four databases. Case-control studies evaluating salivary biomarkers in BMS patients were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. RevMan was used for meta-analysis. Seventeen studies were selected. The included studies collected 54 different biomarkers. Of these biomarkers, only three (cortisol, α-amylase, and dehydroepiandrosterone) were analyzed in three or more studies. Dehydroepiandrosterone obtained contradictory results among the studies. However, cortisol and α-amylase levels were found to be higher in BMS patients. Cortisol was the only biomarker which could be included for meta-analysis. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the BMS group compared to the CG (Mean Difference = 0.39; 95% CI [0.14-0.65]; p = 0.003). In conclusion, different studies investigated salivary biomarkers in patients with BMS compared to a CG, with controversial results. Meta-analysis, confirmed by trial-sequential analysis, showed how cortisol levels were significantly higher in BMS. Cortisol emerges as an interesting salivary biomarker in BMS, but future properly designed studies are needed to evaluate its role in diagnosis and/or response to treatment., (© 2022 The Authors. Oral Diseases published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with xerostomia and hyposalivation in a group of hypertensive patients., Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Hypertensive patients belonged to two healthcare centers were included. Xerostomia was assessed by asking a question and using the Xerostomia Inventory. Unstimulated salivary flow was collected. Different epidemiological variables were analyzed such as age, sex, habits, diseases, drugs, and blood pressure., Results: 221 individuals were included. Xerostomia was reported in 51.13% of patients. Patients with xerostomia suffered more from osteoarthritis and diaphragmatic hernia. These patients took more anticoagulants (acenocoumarol), antiarrhythmics (amiodarone), analgesics (paracetamol) and epilepsy drugs (pregabalin) and less platelet aggregation inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (losartan). Unstimulated flow was reduced in 37.56% of patients. Patients suffering hyposalivation presented more diseases such as anxiety, infectious or parasitic diseases, hepatitis C, diaphragmatic hernia, and osteoarthritis. These patients took more repaglinide, thiazides, anti-inflammatories, anti-rheumatics, glucosamine, diazepam, and selective beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists and less combinations of candesartan and diuretics., Conclusions: Xerostomia and hyposalivation are frequent in hypertensive patients. It is advisable to take into consideration the comorbidities and the drugs they receive, since they can increase the risk of these salivary disorders., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: To evaluate whether salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are increased in patients with oral cancer (OC) or oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) when compared to a healthy control group (CG)., Material and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of specialized databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and OpenGrey), including observational analytical studies evaluating the salivary LDH levels (in UI/L or μ/L) in OC or OPMD patients and compared them with a CG., Results: Thirteen case-control studies were included. A total of 755 patients were evaluated, including 303 OC cases, 149 OPMD cases, and 303 controls. The meta-analysis showed that LDH levels were higher within the OC group than the CG (SMD 9.49; 95% CI 6.97-12; p = .00001). Patients with oral leucoplakia (SMD 11.67; 95% CI 1.01-22.33; p = .03) and oral submucous fibrosis (SMD 25.83; 95% CI -1.74-53.40; p = .07) also presented higher levels than the CG. In addition, OC patients had higher salivary LDH levels than oral leucoplakia patients (SMD 5.62; 95% CI 2.14-9.11; p = .002). Heterogeneity was high across all the evaluated studies., Conclusions: The determination of salivary LDH may be a useful method for screening and tracking OC and OPMD, but new protocolized studies are required to establish precise cutoff values., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM) has proven to be effective in different painful conditions., Objectives: To assess the effect of photobiomodulation for pain management in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients, besides analysing the impact on different aspects of quality of life., Methods: A randomized, single-blind, clinical trial was performed among 20 patients with BMS. Photobiomodulation was applied in the study group (n = 10) with a dose of 12 J/cm 2 during 10 sessions, comparing with a placebo group (n = 10) with the laser turned off. Pain was assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS) before starting each treatment session, and at the 1-month and 4-month follow-up appointments. Some validated questionnaires for general health were also complete: SF-36, OHIP-14, Epworth, SCL 90-R and McGill., Results: All patients (n = 10) in the study group improved their pain ending treatment and remaining among 90% (n = 9) in the 4-month follow-up. Significant improvement was found in the study group in some sections of McGill questionnaire, Epworth scale, and SCL 90-R at the end of the treatment and in the 1-month and 4-month follow-ups., Conclusions: Photobiomodulation seems to be effective in reducing pain in patients with BMS, as well as, having a positive impact on the psychological state of these patients., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The relationship of burning mouth syndrome (BMS) with possible alterations in patients' general health has been subject of study and controversy during the last years., Objective: To analyse the general health status of patients with BMS, comparing it with a control group., Methods: A case-control study was conducted to compare the diseases, medications, blood test alterations, disturbances in general health, oral quality of life, xerostomia, sleep quality and psychological status between a group of 20 patients with BMS and a group of 40 patients who did not suffer from this disease., Results: BMS patients suffered more comorbidities and consumed more medications than controls. More mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders in BMS patients were found, consuming more drugs for nervous and cardiovascular systems, and alimentary tract and metabolism. Lower levels of iron and higher levels of folic acid were found in BMS patients compared to controls. General health status, oral health impact, sleepiness, psychological status and xerostomia levels were also significantly worsened in BMS patients than in controls., Conclusions: BMS patients presented a worsened health status over controls suffering more comorbidities, consuming more medications and showing adverse results in all the health variables analysed in this study., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To assess the effects of Xerostom ® toothpaste and mouthwash in primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients with xerostomia., Subjects and Methods: A double-blinded, randomized study where patients were assigned at baseline test or control products. Patients used the products 3 times/day/28 days. We used a visual analogue scale (VAS) for xerostomia and an Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14), baseline and after treatment, to assess possible improvement., Results: A total of 28 patients with pSS were included in this study, but only 24 finished it (all women, mean age 55.21 ± 11.87), and 13 patients received the test and 11 the control. VAS and OHIP-14 scores decreased in both groups after treatment but significant differences between groups were not found. We do not detect VAS intragroup significant differences before and after treatment in test and control groups. A significant improvement in OHIP-14 was identified in the treatment group, while no significant differences were observed in the control group. No adverse effects were present., Conclusions: Xerostom ® toothpaste and mouthrinse may alleviate and improve quality of life without associated side effects, but further research with a larger number of participants and follow-up are necessary to establish the positive efficacy of these topical products in pSS patients., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of oral lesions in a group of renal transplant patients (RTPs) compared with healthy controls (HCs)., Subjects and Methods: The study included 500 RTPs (307 men, 193 women, mean age 53.63 years) and 501 HCs (314 men, 187 women, mean age 52.25 years). Demographic and pharmacologic data were recorded for all subjects., Results: Forty percent of the RTPs presented with oral lesions compared to 23.4% of HCs. The most frequent lesion was candidiasis (7.4% in RTPs, 4.19% in HCs). Lip herpes simplex lesions were observed in 2.6% of RTPs and 2.2% of HCs; aphthae were observed in 2.2% of RTPs and 1% of HCs. Xerostomia prevalence was significantly greater in RTPs than HCs (1.4%vs 0.2%). Lichen planus appeared in 0.6% of RTPs, and one RTP suffered from hairy leukoplakia., Conclusions: We report a lower prevalence of oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia in RTPs than previous reports and describe other oral conditions not presented before in prevalence studies of RTPs, such as xerostomia, aphthous ulcers and lichen planus. These oral lesion changes in RTPs and the risk of malignancy emphasize the importance of regular oral screening in these patients.