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2. Editorial for Feature Papers 2021–2022
- Published
- 2023
3. Eco-Friendly Disposable WS2 Paper Sensor for Sub-ppm NO2 Detection at Room Temperature
- Abstract
We developed inexpensive and disposable gas sensors with a low environmental footprint. This approach is based on a biodegradable substrate, paper, and features safe and nontoxic electronic materials. We show that abrasion-induced deposited WS nanoplatelets on paper can be employed as a successful sensing layer to develop high-sensitivity and selective sensors, which operate even at room temperature. Its performance is investigated, at room temperature, against NO exposure, finding that the electrical resistance of the device drops dramatically upon NO adsorption, decreasing by ~42% (~31% half a year later) for 0.8 ppm concentration, and establishing a detection limit around~2 ppb (~3 ppb half a year later). The sensor is highly selective towards NO gas with respect to the interferents NH and CO, whose responses were only 1.8% (obtained for 30 ppm) and 1.5% (obtained for 8 ppm), respectively. Interestingly, an improved response of the developed sensor under humid conditions was observed (tested for 25% relative humidity at 23 C). The high-performance, in conjunction with its small dimensions, low cost, operation at room temperature, and the possibility of using it as a portable system, makes this sensor a promising candidate for continuous monitoring of NO on-site.
- Published
- 2022
4. Committees or Markets? An Exploratory Analysis of Best Paper Awards in Economics
- Abstract
Despite the general usefulness of citations as a sort of test of the value of one’s work in the marketplace of ideas, journals and publishers tend to use alternative bases of judgment, namely committees, in selecting candidates for the conferral of journals’ best paper awards. Given that recognition—sometimes in the form of compensation and on other occasions in the form of awards— in academe is geared toward incentivizing the production of impactful research and not some less desirable goal or outcome, it is important to understand the sensitivity in the outcomes of best paper award selection processes to the types of processes used. To that end, this study compares the selection of best paper awards for journals affiliated with several of the world’s top economic associations by committees to a counterfactual process that is based on citations to published studies. Our statistical exploration indicates that in most cases and for most awards, the most cited paper was not chosen. This requires further discussion as to the core characteristics that quantitatively represent the highest impact.
- Published
- 2022
5. Highly Crystalline Oxidase-like MnOOH Nanowire-Incorporated Paper Dipstick for One-Step Colorimetric Detection of Dopamine
- Author
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Kim, Phan Ba Khanh Chau, Thinh Viet Dang, and Moon Il
- Subjects
paper dipstick ,MnOOH nanowires ,dopamine oxidase ,nanozyme ,colorimetric biosensors - Abstract
Developing a convenient detection method for dopamine holds a significant incentive due to its high clinical significance. Herein, we synthesize crystalline MnOOH nanowires (MNWs) via a simple solvothermal treatment of KMnO4 and demonstrate that they possess excellent oxidase-like activity owing to the presence of pure Mn3+ sites on the MNWs. Particularly, MNWs catalyze the rapid oxidation of dopamine into aminochromes, which show a vivid brown color. The dopamine oxidase-like activity of MNWs follows the typical Michaelis–Mentenkinetics with excellent storage stability. Based on the affirmative catalytic features, a paper dipstick incorporating MNWs in the detection zone is constructed for the one-step colorimetric detection of target dopamine. By immersing the dipstick into the sample solution for 30 min, the sample spontaneously moves to the detection zone due to capillary force, yielding a brown color proportional to the amount of dopamine, which is quantified from an image acquired using a smartphone. With the MNW-containing solution-based assay and MNW-incorporated paper dipstick, dopamine is successfully determined with high selectivity, sensitivity, and detection precision when using spiked human serum and pharmaceutical dopamine injection samples, respectively. Successful analytical values such as the dynamic linear ranges of 3–60 μM and 0.05–7 mM are achieved with the solution-based assay and paper dipstick, respectively, along with excellent detection accuracy (95–99%) and precision (1.0–3.1%). Hence, we developed a simple and efficient nanozyme-based paper dipstick biosensor for dopamine that can be used in point-of-care testing environments.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Unique Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Using Carbon Nanotube Composite Papers with Gel Electrolyte
- Author
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Oya, Yi Kou and Takahide
- Subjects
carbon nanotube (CNT) ,carbon nanotube composite paper ,dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) ,paper DSSC ,gel electrolyte - Abstract
We propose a unique form of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), paper DSSCs based on carbon-nanotube (CNT) composite papers, and the use of a gel electrolyte for the paper DSSC. In our previous study, we succeeded in developing the paper DSSC. However, its performance and lifetime were not sufficient. We considered that the problem was the use of liquid-type electrolyte. To improve the performance of the paper DSSC, a gel electrolyte was introduced to increase safety and durability. Here, a polymer gel electrolyte was synthesized using a copolymer of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix, mixed with iodine and potassium iodide. The resulting paper DSSC had a fill factor (FF, a performance indicator) of 0.248 and a conversion efficiency of 2.43 × 10−5% with an extended working time (lifetime) of more than 110 min. Further modifications were made to the metallic CNT composite paper and the gel electrolyte, resulting in an increased conversion efficiency of 2.02 × 10−3%. This study suggests the potential of gel electrolytes in enhancing the performance of paper DSSCs, providing new insights for their future applications.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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7. Development of New Accelerated Aging Test for Comparison of the Quality of Different Insulating Papers Based on Cellulose
- Author
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Lukic, Draginja Mihajlovic, Valentina Vasovic, and Jelena
- Subjects
aging test ,Kraft paper ,thermally upgraded paper - Abstract
The aim of this study is to propose a test method for the determination of the quality of transformer paper insulation. For this purpose, the oil/cellulose insulation systems were exposed to various accelerated aging tests. The results of the aging experiments of normal Kraft and thermally upgraded papers, two different types of transformer oil (mineral and natural ester), and copper are shown. Aging was carried out in various experiments at 150 °C, 160 °C, 170 °C, and 180 °C with dry (initial values ≤ 0.5%) and moistened cellulose insulation (initial values 3–3.5%). Following insulating oil and paper, degradation markers were measured: the degree of polymerization, tensile strength, furan derivates, methanol/ethanol, acidity, interfacial tension, and dissipation factor. It was found that the aging of cellulose insulation in cycles was 1.5–1.6 times faster in comparison to continuous aging, due to the more pronounced effect of hydrolytic mechanism in cyclic aging owing to the produced and absorbed water. Furthermore, it was observed that the high initial water content in cellulose increases the aging rate two to three times more than in the dry experimental setup. The proposed aging test in cycles can be used to achieve faster aging and to compare the quality of different insulating papers.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator Bending Behavior and Modeling
- Author
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Gordon Chen, Ashutosh Kumar, Hojat Heidari-Bafroui, Winfield Smith, Amer Charbaji, Nassim Rahmani, Constantine Anagnostopoulos, and Mohammad Faghri
- Subjects
Control and Systems Engineering ,Mechanical Engineering ,paper-based sensor ,bi-material cantilever ,paper-based valve ,bending response ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Abstract
In this paper, the behavior of the Bi-Material Cantilever (B-MaC) response deflection upon fluidic loading was experimentally studied and modeled for bilayer strips. A B-MaC consists of a strip of paper adhered to a strip of tape. When fluid is introduced, the paper expands while the tape does not, which causes the structure to bend due to strain mismatch, similar to the thermal loading of bi-metal thermostats. The main novelty of the paper-based bilayer cantilevers is the mechanical properties of two different types of material layers, a top layer of sensing paper and a bottom layer of actuating tape, to create a structure that can respond to moisture changes. When the sensing layer absorbs moisture, it causes the bilayer cantilever to bend or curl due to the differential swelling between the two layers. The portion of the paper strip that gets wet forms an arc, and as the fluid advances and fully wets the B-MaC, the entire B-MaC assumes the shape of the initial arc. This study showed that paper with higher hygroscopic expansion forms an arc with a smaller radius of curvature, whereas thicker tape with a higher Young’s modulus forms an arc with a larger radius of curvature. The results showed that the theoretical modeling could accurately predict the behavior of the bilayer strips. The significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lies in their potential applications in various fields, such as biomedicine, and environmental monitoring. In summary, the novelty and significance of paper-based bilayer cantilevers lie in their unique combination of sensing and actuating capabilities using a low-cost and environmentally friendly material.
- Published
- 2023
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9. Paper sensors based on fluorescence changes of carbon nanodots for optical detection of nanomaterials
- Abstract
A paper sensor was designed in order to detect the presence of nanomaterials, such as ZnO and silica nanoparticles, as well as graphene nanoplatelets (GnP), based on fluorescence changes of carbon nanodots. Paper strips were functionalized with carbon nanodots using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as binder. The carbon nanodots were highly fluorescent and, hence, rendered the (cellulosic) paper stripes emissive. In the presence of silica and ZnO nanoparticles, the fluorescence emission of the carbon nanodots was quenched and the emission decay was shortened, whereas in the presence of GnP only emission quenching occurred. These different photoluminescence (PL) quenching mechanisms, which are evident from lifetime measurements, convey selectivity to the sensor. The change in fluorescence of the carbon dot-functionalized paper is also evident to the naked eye under illumination with a UV lamp, which enables easy detection of the nanomaterials. The sensor was able to detect the nanomaterials upon direct contact, either by dipping it in their aqueous dispersions, or by sweeping it over their powders. The use of the proposed optical sensor permits the detection of nanomaterials in a straightforward manner, opening new ways for the development of optical sensors for practical applications.
- Published
- 2021
10. Study on the Partial Surface Discharge Process of Oil-Paper Insulated Transformer Bushing with Defective Condenser Layer
- Author
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Wu, Fan Yang, Yuchen Zhang, Xingwang Wu, and Jie
- Subjects
bushing defect ,oil-paper insulated bushings ,partial discharge ,needle-plane surface discharge - Abstract
Oil-impregnated paper condenser transformer bushings are an important part of transformer equipment, and partial discharge (PD) occurred when defects exist on the condenser aluminum foil layers. Firstly, to study the PD process of the oil-paper insulated capacitance graded bushing with the defect of broken aluminum foil, a defective oil-paper bushing discharge sample is constructed to study the PD parameters and capacitance, and to discharge carbonization traces at different voltage levels. Then, in order to verify the process of condenser aluminum foil layer discharge and the space charge variation in the oil-paper insulation system of a sample model, the surface flashovers of a needle-plane discharge model based on the bipolar charge transport model and the hydrodynamic model was built. The simulation, by Transport of Diluted Species physics of COMSOL Multiphysics software, points out the discharge process of aluminum foil electrode caused by space charge action and electric field distortion under an electric field at different voltages. The results of simulation and sample bushing experiments showed that the PD process of the defective condenser foil layer is mainly divided into three stages: tip corona discharge, streamer in oil, and surface flashovers. The voltage amplitude is larger the more electrical branches are discharged and the shorter the discharge time is. The findings of the article have important implications for the discharge of the foil layer inside the oil-paper bushing.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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11. Feature Extraction of Oil–Paper Insulation Raman Spectroscopy Based on Manifold Dimension Transformation
- Author
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Zhang, Xingang Chen, Yijie Fan, Zhipeng Ma, Shiyao Tan, Ningyi Li, Xin Song, Yuyang Huang, Jinjing Zhang, and Wenxuan
- Subjects
oil–paper insulation ,Raman spectroscopy ,feature extraction ,state classification - Abstract
Transformers play a crucial role in power systems. In this respect, fault diagnosis and aging state assessment have garnered significant attention from researchers. Herein, accelerated thermal aging and Raman scattering experiments are conducted on oil–paper insulation samples to accurately detect aging states. The samples are categorized into different aging stages based on the polymerization degree of the insulating paper. Principal component analysis (PCA), multi-dimensional scale change method (MDS), and isometric mapping algorithm (Isomap) are employed to extract features from the Raman spectra. Subsequently, the XGBoost strong classifier, optimized through Bayesian hyperparameter optimization (BO-XGBoost), is utilized to distinguish between four and ten states among 175 groups of samples after feature extraction. The subsequent classification results of the three feature-extraction methods are compared. The results indicate that Isoamp, which pertains to the manifold dimension transformation, achieves the highest average discriminative accuracy after feature extraction. The discriminative accuracies for aging states four and ten are 97.0% and 95.1% respectively, demonstrating that Raman spectroscopy manifold dimension transformation enhances the distinctiveness between samples of different aging states in the feature-extraction process. The diagnostic model constructed with Isomap and BO-XGBoost enables accurate discrimination of the aging states of oil–paper insulation.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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12. Bio-Based Impregnated Resin Preparation for Aldehyde-Free Decorative Paper Production
- Author
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Long, Jin Wang, Jun Liu, and Ling
- Subjects
bio-based materials ,impregnated resin ,aldehyde-free decorative paper - Abstract
With the growing concern for environmental protection and personal health, utilizing bio-based impregnated resin has become a sustainable approach for producing aldehyde-free decorative paper and in-house decorations. Our current work focuses on the preparation of an aldehyde-free resin (AFR) by formulating quaternized cellulose nanofibrils (QCNFs, Ave. width 10 ± 3 nm, Ave. length of and >500 nm) with aqueous acrylate emulsion. We analyzed the synthesized QCNFs, acrylate emulsion, and AFR by using various methods, including FTIR, XPS, XRD, TGA/DTG, and rheometer, to evaluate their applicability for impregnated paper processing. At a low coating weight of 4.0 g/m2, a 30.8% increase and 4.9-times increase in tensile strength and contact angle were detected, respectively. Meanwhile, the free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper was found to be 0.1 mg/L even at a high coating weight of 18.8 g/m2, which is far below the E0 level requirement in the JAS 234:2003 criteria. Therefore, the surface coating of the decorative base paper was found to be competitive in covering the porous structure of the paper, reinforcing its mechanical strength, and providing high water resistance. Moreover, the lower free aldehyde emission from the AFR-coated paper ensures its safety and potential application in house decoration products.
- Published
- 2023
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13. Synergies between Fibrillated Nanocellulose and Hot-Pressing of Papers Obtained from High-Yield Pulp
- Author
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Engstrand, Carlos Negro, Gunilla Pettersson, Amanda Mattsson, Staffan Nyström, Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador, Angeles Blanco, and Per
- Subjects
hot-pressing technology ,microcellulose ,cellulose nanofibers ,nanocellulose ,high-yield pulp ,CTMP ,paper quality ,packaging - Abstract
To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper’s ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.
- Published
- 2023
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14. Measuring Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) Computer-Based and Paper-Based: Examining the Mode Effect in Reading Accuracy and Reading Fluency
- Author
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Gebhardt, Jana Jungjohann, Jeffrey M. DeVries, and Markus
- Subjects
computer-based assessment ,differential item functioning ,oral reading fluency ,mode effects ,paper-based assessment ,progress monitoring - Abstract
Internationally, teachers use oral reading fluency (ORF) measurements to monitor learning progress in reading and adapt instruction to the individual needs of students. In ORF measures, the child reads aloud single syllables, words, or short passages, and the teacher rates in parallel at which items the child makes a mistake. Since administering paper-based ORF requires increased effort on the part of teachers, computer-based test administration is available. However, there are still concerns about the comparability of paper-based and computer-based test modes. In our study, we examine mode effects between paper-based and computer-based test scores for both reading speed and reading accuracy using a German-language ORF assessment for progress monitoring. 2nd- and 3rd-year-students (N = 359) with and without special education needs participated in the study. Results show comparable and high reliability (r > 0.76) and no differential item functioning for both test modes. Furthermore, students showed significantly higher reading speed on the paper-based test, while no differences were found in reading accuracy. In the absence of differential item functioning, we discuss how mean differences can be accounted for, how teachers can be trained to use the different test modes, and how computer-based tests can be safeguarded in practice.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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15. Effects of Pre-Curing on the Structure and Properties of Paper-Based Materials
- Author
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Zhang, Mingcen Lin, Wenling Zhou, Ye Yao, Jingxiang Chen, and Chunhui
- Subjects
paper-based material ,pre-curing ,phenolic resin ,mechanical properties - Abstract
Paper-based friction material is a typical paper-based composite that is usually cured via hot-pressing. This curing method does not account for the effect of pressure on the matrix resin, resulting in uneven distribution of resin in the material and reducing the mechanical properties of friction materials. To overcome the above shortcomings, a pre-curing method was introduced before hot-pressing, and the effects of different pre-curing degrees on the surface morphology and mechanical properties of paper-based friction materials were studied. The pre-curing degree significantly affected the resin distribution and interfacial bonding strength of the paper-based friction material. When the material was cured at 160 °C for 10 min, the pre-curing degree reached 60%. At this point, most of the resin was in a gel state, which could retain abundant pore structures on the material surface without causing mechanical damage to the fiber and resin matrix during hot-pressing. Ultimately, the paper-based friction material exhibited improved static mechanical properties, decreased permanent deformation, and reasonable dynamic mechanical properties.
- Published
- 2023
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16. Flame-Retardant and Fire-Sensing Packaging Papers Enabled by Diffusion-Driven Self-Assembly of Graphene Oxide and Branched Polyethyleneimine Coatings
- Author
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Ling, Piao Wen, Jing Ren, Qiang Zhang, and Shengjie
- Subjects
paper ,graphene oxide ,self-assembly ,flame retardant ,fire sensor - Abstract
Paper has gained popularity as a packaging material due to its reduced environmental impact compared with non-degradable alternatives. However, its flammability poses safety risks, prompting research on enhancing its flame retardancy. This work introduces a diffusion-driven self-assembly strategy (DDSAS) to create a functional graphene oxide (GO) coating on various packaging papers. DDSAS involves infiltrating the paper’s cellulose microfiber network with branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI), which binds firmly to cellulose microfibers. Electrostatic interactions between GO and b-PEI then drive GO assembly into a densely stacked, layered structure on the paper surface. This GO structure provides a physical barrier against flames and generates incombustible gases (CO2, H2O, NO2, and NO) when heated, diluting the surrounding oxygen concentration and acting as a heat insulation layer. These factors increase the flame retardancy of treated papers ten-fold. Additionally, the gradual reduction of GO upon heating forms reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on the paper, significantly increasing its electrical conductivity. As a result, the flame-retardant papers not only prevent the fire from spreading but can also act as fire sensors by triggering an alarm signal at the early stages of contact with fire. In summary, this work offers a rational strategy for designing and manufacturing flame-retardant paper packaging materials.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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17. The Use of a Natural Polysaccharide as a Solidifying Agent and Color-Fixing Agent on Modern Paper and Historical Materials
- Author
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Bellesi, Lucia Emanuele, Tanja Dujaković, Graziella Roselli, Simone Campanelli, and Giulia
- Subjects
opuntia ficus indica ,solidifying agent ,color fixative ,new cleaning method ,bioproducts ,green conservation-restoration ,reversibility ,waste ,paper - Abstract
This article presents results on the use of a new material as a solidifying agent and/or color-fixing agent. A special polysaccharide material extracted from the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) was tested on historical materials and modern papers. An old book from the 18th century was chosen as historical material. From the mentioned book 42 pages were taken, on which a conservation and restoration pretreatment was performed before applying the polysaccharide material: sampling, fiber analysis, dry cleaning, ink solubility, pH test, thickness measurement and wet cleaning. The paper sheets provided for the test were divided into 4 groups, 3 of which were treated with gel and one left untreated as a reference. The division into groups is not only due to the different method of application, but also due to the process of gel extraction. The effect of the treatment was analyzed using FTIR-ATR. To test the mucilage as color-fixing agent 2 samples were prepared using watercolor papers colored with 6 different watercolors applied to 2.5 cm2 samples for each color in two rows of different intensity. One of the 2 samples was treated with gel, but both were immersed for 3 times in a water-ethanol solution for approximately 20 min as is standard practice in conservation and restoration. After washing, both specimens were subjected to colorimetric analysis to assess their differences. The results provided satisfactory evidence for the protection of paints sensitive to aqueous treatments and suggest the use of mucilage as a new material in cleaning method for water-soluble media.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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18. Correlated Equilibrium and Evolutionary Stability in 3-Player Rock-Paper-Scissors
- Author
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William C. Grant
- Subjects
Statistics and Probability ,correlated equilibrium ,evolutionarily stable strategies ,rock paper scissors ,Applied Mathematics ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty - Abstract
In the game of rock-paper-scissors with three players, this paper identifies conditions for a correlated equilibrium that differs from the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium and is evolutionarily stable. For this to occur, the correlation device attaches more probability to three-way ties and solo-winner outcomes than would result from the Nash equilibrium. The correlated equilibrium is evolutionarily stable because any mutant fares worse than a signal-following player when facing two players who follow their own correlated signals. The critical quality of the correlation device is to make this true both for potential mutants who would disobey their signal and instead choose the action which would beat the action signaled to the player, as well as for potential mutants who would deviate to the action that would be beaten by what the device signals to the player. These findings reveal how a strict correlated equilibrium can produce evolutionarily stable strategies for rock-paper-scissors with three players.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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19. Lignin-Degrading Bacteria in Paper Mill Sludge
- Author
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Magda Rodriguez-Yupanqui, Magaly De La Cruz-Noriega, Claudio Quiñones, Nélida Milly Otiniano, Medardo A. Quezada-Alvarez, Walter Rojas-Villacorta, Gino A. Vergara-Medina, Frank R. León-Vargas, Haniel Solís-Muñoz, and Segundo Rojas-Flores
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Virology ,paper mill sludge ,black liquor ,laccase activity ,Agrobacterium tumefasciens ,Klebsiella grimontii ,Beijeinckia fluminensis ,Microbiology - Abstract
The effluents generated in the paper industry, such as black liquor, have a high content of lignin and other toxic components; however, they represent a source of lignin-degrading bacteria with biotechnological potential. Therefore, the present study aimed to isolate and identify lignin-degrading bacteria species in paper mill sludge. A primary isolation was carried out from samples of sludge present in environments around a paper company located in the province of Ascope (Peru). Bacteria selection was made by the degradation of Lignin Kraft as the only carbon source in a solid medium. Finally, the laccase activity (Um-L−1) of each selected bacteria was determined by oxidation of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-etilbencenotiazolina-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). Bacterial species with laccase activity were identified by molecular biology techniques. Seven species of bacteria with laccase activity and the ability to degrade lignin were identified. The bacteria Agrobacterium tumefasciens (2), Klebsiella grimontii (1), and Beijeinckia fluminensis (1) were reported for first time. K. grimowntii and B. fluminensis presented the highest laccase activity, with values of 0.319 ± 0.005 UmL−1 and 0.329 ± 0.004 UmL−1, respectively. In conclusion, paper mill sludge may represent a source of lignin-degrading bacteria with laccase activity, and they could have potential biotechnological applications.
- Published
- 2023
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20. Antioxidant Protection of Paper Heritage Objects with 4-Amino-2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine
- Author
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Katarína Vizárová, Soňa Malečková, Radko Tiňo, Milena Reháková, and František Kačík
- Subjects
acid paper ,stabilization ,piperidine ,magnesium ,hexamethyldisiloxane ,General Materials Science - Abstract
In protecting cultural heritage, deacidification is used to stabilize acidic papers, ensuring the neutralization of acids present in the paper. But in the process of aging, several mechanisms of degradation occur simultaneously. Therefore, substances used to stabilize the paper should contain an antioxidant component in addition to the deacidifying component. The effect of the antioxidant (hindered amine light stabilizers—HALS type) on the stabilization of lignin-containing acid papers during accelerated aging was studied in this work. The effective deacidification component was magnesium; the solvent was hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). The 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine series of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) was selected as appropriate for creating a modifying system based on HMDSO. The modification system was tested on samples of a model test acid lignin-containing paper (NOVO) and naturally aged acidic paper from the real book. The addition of substances to the proposed deacidification system has a favorable effect on stabilizing the pH during aging and provides the inhibition of the oxidative degradation products and stabilization of the cellulose degree of polymerization. It was confirmed that the application of the system containing deacidification and an antioxidant component may increase the effectiveness of the protection of acid groundwood paper heritage objects. Adding a tested antioxidant to the proposed deacidification system has a favorable effect on stabilizing the pH value for a long time in accelerated aging.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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21. Super-Stable Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)/Luciferase Paper-Sensing Platform for Rapid ATP Detection
- Author
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Héctor Martínez-Pérez-Cejuela, Maria Maddalena Calabretta, Valerio Bocci, Marcello D’Elia, and Elisa Michelini
- Subjects
Clinical Biochemistry ,Biomedical Engineering ,General Medicine ,Instrumentation ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,ATP ,luciferase ,biosensor ,metal–organic frameworks ,bioluminescence ,paper-sensing ,Analytical Chemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) determination has been used for many decades to assess microbial contamination for hygiene monitoring in different locations and workplace environments. Highly sophisticated methods have been reported, yet commercially available kits rely on a luciferase–luciferin system and require storage and shipping at controlled temperatures (+4 or −20 °C). The applicability of these systems is limited by the need for a secure cold chain, which is not always applicable, especially in remote areas or low-resource settings. In this scenario, easy-to-handle and portable sensors would be highly valuable. Prompted by this need, we developed a bioluminescence paper biosensor for ATP monitoring in which a new luciferase mutant was combined with a metal–organic framework (MOF); i.e., zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8). A paper biosensor was developed, ZIF-8@Luc paper sensor, and interfaced with different portable light detectors, including a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) and smartphones. The use of ZIF-8 not only provided a five-fold increase in the bioluminescence signal, but also significantly improved the stability of the sensor, both at +4 and +28 °C. The ATP content in complex biological matrices was analyzed with the ZIF-8@Luc paper sensor, enabling detection down to 7 × 10−12 moles of ATP and 8 × 10−13 moles in bacterial lysates and urine samples, respectively. The ZIF-8@Luc sensor could, therefore, be applied in many fields in which ATP monitoring is required such as the control of microbial contamination.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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22. Electrochemical Paper-Based Biosensor Devices for Rapid Detection of Biomarkers
- Abstract
In healthcare, new diagnostic tools that help in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of diseases rapidly and accurately are in high demand. For in-situ measurement of disease or infection biomarkers, point-of-care devices provide a dramatic speed advantage over conventional techniques, thus aiding clinicians in decision-making. During the last decade, paper-based analytical devices, combining paper substrates and electrochemical detection components, have emerged as important point-of-need diagnostic tools. This review highlights significant works on this topic over the last five years, from 2015 to 2019. The most relevant articles published in 2018 and 2019 are examined in detail, focusing on device fabrication techniques and materials applied to the production of paper fluidic and electrochemical cell architectures as well as on the final device assembly. Two main approaches were identified, that are, on one hand, those ones where the fabrication of the electrochemical cell is done on the paper substrate, where the fluidic structures are also defined, and, on the other hand, the fabrication of those ones where the electrochemical cell and liquid-driving paper component are defined on different substrates and then heterogeneously assembled. The main limitations of the current technologies are outlined and an outlook on the current technology status and future prospects is given.
- Published
- 2020
23. Cross-Linking of Oxidized Hydroxypropyl Cellulose in Paper: Influence of Molecular Weight and Polymer Distribution on Paper Wet Strength Development
- Author
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David Seelinger and Markus Biesalski
- Subjects
Biomaterials ,Polymers and Plastics ,Organic Chemistry ,hydroxypropyl cellulose ,wet tensile strength ,wet strength resin ,polymer degradation ,polymer distribution in paper ,Bioengineering - Abstract
With the overarching aim for the development of sustainable, nontoxic wet strength agents for paper, a novel polymer gel system based on oxidized hydroxypropyl cellulose (keto-HPC) cross-linked with polyamines was investigated in detail to gain a deeper insight into the wet strength mechanism. When applied to paper, this wet strength system significantly increases the relative wet strength by using only low amounts of polymer, and it is therefore comparable with established wet strength agents based on fossil resources, such as polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin resins. With the help of ultrasonic treatment, keto-HPC was degraded with respect to its molecular weight and further cross-linked in paper using polymeric amine-reactive counterparts. The resulting polymer-cross-linked paper mechanical properties were analyzed with respect to the dry and wet tensile strength, respectively. In addition, we analyzed the polymer distribution using fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). If high-molecular-weight samples are being used for cross-linking, we do find accumulation of the polymer mainly on the surface of the fibers and at fiber crossing points, accompanied with enhancing strong effects on paper’s wet tensile strength. In contrast, if low-molecular-weight (i.e., degraded) keto-HPC is being applied, the macromolecules are capable of entering the inner porous structure of the paper fibers, and almost no accumulation at the fiber crossing points is observed, which also results in a lowered wet paper tensile strength, respectively. This insight into wet strength mechanisms of the keto-HPC/polyamine system can thus lead to new opportunities for the development of alternative biobased wet strength agents where molecular weight dependence of the wet tensile properties allows for a fine tuning of mechanical properties in the wet state.
- Published
- 2023
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24. Carbon Fiber Papers Prepared by Wet-Laid Technique Using PVB/PF Composite Fibers as the Binders
- Author
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Wang, Yang Zhang, Xiyi Huang, and Biao
- Subjects
carbon fiber paper ,polyvinyl butyral ,phenol-formaldehyde ,composite fibers ,binder - Abstract
Carbon fiber paper (CFP) is one of the most important units of gas diffusion layer (GDL) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The binder used in the wet-laid technique has a significant effect on the properties of CFP. In this work, the polyvinyl butyral/phenol-formaldehyde resin (PVB/PF) composite fibers firstly prepared by a dry spinning method were applied for CFP fabrication to replace traditional binders during the papermaking process and remove the PF impregnation process. In the composite fibers with a mass ratio of 5:5, PF phase with a size of about 2~3 μm evenly distributed in PVB matrix. PVB and PF were miscible to some degree, which was beneficial for their binding effect during hot-press. These composite fibers can successfully bind carbon fibers (CFs) during the papermaking process, and their residual carbon efficiently welded the CFs after heat treatment. The content and length of composite fibers in the mat affected the binding structure among CFs, which influenced the properties of CFP, increased the composite fibers’ content and reduced their length, significantly improving the strength of CFP. Therefore, the application of this solid fiber binder could enhance the comprehensive properties of CFP by adjusting the fibers’ parameters in the mat and also make the fabrication of CFP more environmentally friendly and low-cost.
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- 2023
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25. Heat-Seal Ability and Fold Cracking Resistance of Kaolin-Filled Styrene-Butadiene-Based Aqueous Dispersions for Paper-Based Packaging
- Author
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Andrea Marinelli, Mauro Profaizer, Maria Vittoria Diamanti, MariaPia Pedeferri, and Barbara Del Curto
- Subjects
Materials Chemistry ,coated paper ,clay ,aqueous dispersion ,mechanical properties ,fold cracking ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films - Abstract
Dispersion coatings are offered as alternative solutions to extrusion coating technology for paper-based packaging. In addition to providing barrier properties, waterborne dispersions may implement the processing and converting properties of coated substrates, which are of extreme interest for an effective transfer to the industry. In this work, styrene-butadiene-based aqueous dispersions were formulated considering different amounts of kaolin as pigment. The authors assessed the heat-seal ability, fold cracking resistance, and blocking tendency, comparing the results against commercial dispersion coating grades. Kaolin content dominated the sealing behavior of experimental formulations, changing the minimum heat-seal temperature from 80 °C to >140 °C for 0% and 60% kaolin solid content, respectively. On the contrary, commercial grades were mostly affected by temperature. Additionally, despite the low latex glass temperature (0 °C), experimental formulations generally showed little, if any, blocking. On the downside, increasing kaolin content eases fold cracking, showing a different magnitude according to fold direction and coat orientation yet achieving a higher moisture barrier compared to commercial grades for both folded and unfolded samples.
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- 2023
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26. Direct Electron Transfer of Glucose Oxidase on Pre-Anodized Paper/Carbon Electrodes Modified through Zero-Length Cross-Linkers for Glucose Biosensors
- Author
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Gilberto Henao-Pabon, Ning Gao, K. Sudhakara Prasad, and XiuJun Li
- Subjects
microfluidic paper-based analytical device ,direct electron transfer ,glucose biosensors ,electrochemical detection ,glucose oxidase immobilization ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Biomedical Engineering ,General Medicine ,Instrumentation ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Analytical Chemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
A disposable paper-based glucose biosensor with direct electron transfer (DET) of glucose oxidase (GOX) was developed through simple covalent immobilization of GOX on a carbon electrode surface using zero-length cross-linkers. This glucose biosensor exhibited a high electron transfer rate (ks, 3.363 s−1) as well as good affinity (km, 0.03 mM) for GOX while keeping innate enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the DET-based glucose detection was accomplished by employing both square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometric techniques, and it achieved a glucose detection range from 5.4 mg/dL to 900 mg/dL, which is wider than most commercially available glucometers. This low-cost DET glucose biosensor showed remarkable selectivity, and the use of the negative operating potential avoided interference from other common electroactive compounds. It has great potential to monitor different stages of diabetes from hypoglycemic to hyperglycemic states, especially for self-monitoring of blood glucose.
- Published
- 2023
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27. Bilayer Coating Composed of Starch and Methyl Cellulose-Nanoscale TiO2 for the Protection of Historic Paper from UV
- Author
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Gabriela Aleksić, Tomislav Cigula, Marina Vukoje, and Katarina Itrić Ivanda
- Subjects
Materials Chemistry ,historic paper preservation and conservation ,starch ,methyl cellulose ,titania ,accelerated ageing ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films - Abstract
Among the agents of deterioration considered particularly damaging to cultural heritage objects are light, ultraviolet (UV) and infrared. The high-energy UV is the most damaging of the three, as it can cause irreversible visual, chemical and structural changes in cellulose-based materials. Known for its photocatalytic properties, TiO2 can absorb UV and is thermally and chemically stable. In this study, we propose an innovative bilayer coating composed of starch, methyl cellulose and nano-TiO2 to utilize UV blocking properties of TiO2. The results of the treatments were assessed by determining physical, optical and surface properties, as well as the degradation degree of the samples, prior and post accelerated ageing. The results show that an increase in the weight concentration of TiO2 enhances the colour difference, but the colour of samples coated by lower concentrations of TiO2 after accelerated ageing is closer to the original value than the colour of the uncoated ones. An increase in both the contact angle and the absorption time is also present, but after ageing, both parameters significantly decrease due to the presence of TiO2. To conclude, the presented nanocomposite coating can protect historic paper from UV, but one should bear in mind that a higher weight concentration could lead to a higher water sensitivity after exposure to UV.
- Published
- 2023
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28. A Dye-Assisted Paper-Based Assay to Rapidly Differentiate the Stress of Chlorophenols and Heavy Metals on Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli
- Author
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Wanqing Dai, Bibi Inumbra, Po Yu Wong, Alma Sarmiento, Ying Yau, Jie Han, Guozhu Mao, Yung-Kang Peng, and Jian Lin Chen
- Subjects
paper-based PAD ,toxicity ,chlorophenol ,heavy metal ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Biomedical Engineering ,General Medicine ,Instrumentation ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Analytical Chemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Biological toxicity testing plays an essential role in identifying the possible negative effects induced by substances such as organic pollutants or heavy metals. As an alternative to conventional methods of toxicity detection, paper-based analytical device (PAD) offers advantages in terms of convenience, quick results, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. However, detecting the toxicity of both organic pollutants and heavy metals is challenging for a PAD. Here, we show the evaluation of biotoxicity testing for chlorophenols (pentachlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 4-chlorophenol) and heavy metals (Cu2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+) by a resazurin-integrated PAD. The results were achieved by observing the colourimetric response of bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli) to resazurin reduction on the PAD. The toxicity responses of E. faecalis-PAD and E. coli-PAD to chlorophenols and heavy metals can be read within 10 min and 40 min, respectively. Compared to the traditional growth inhibition experiments for toxicity measuring which takes at least 3 h, the resazurin-integrated PAD can recognize toxicity differences between studied chlorophenols and between studied heavy metals within 40 min.
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- 2023
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29. Catalytic Modification of Porous Two-Dimensional Ni-MOFs on Portable Electrochemical Paper-Based Sensors for Glucose and Hydrogen Peroxide Detection
- Author
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Ya Yang, Wenhui Ji, Yutao Yin, Nanxiang Wang, Wanxia Wu, Wei Zhang, Siying Pei, Tianwei Liu, Chao Tao, Bing Zheng, Qiong Wu, and Lin Li
- Subjects
Clinical Biochemistry ,Biomedical Engineering ,Ni-MOFs ,paper-based sensors ,electrochemical sensor ,non-enzymatic catalysis ,hydrogen peroxide ,glucose ,General Medicine ,Instrumentation ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Analytical Chemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Rapid and accurate detection of changes in glucose (Glu) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations is essential for the predictive diagnosis of diseases. Electrochemical biosensors exhibiting high sensitivity, reliable selectivity, and rapid response provide an advantageous and promising solution. A porous two-dimensional conductive metal–organic framework (cMOF), Ni-HHTP (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), was prepared by using a one-pot method. Subsequently, it was employed to construct enzyme-free paper-based electrochemical sensors by applying mass-producing screen-printing and inkjet-printing techniques. These sensors effectively determined Glu and H2O2 concentrations, achieving low limits of detection of 1.30 μM and 2.13 μM, and high sensitivities of 5573.21 μA μM−1 cm−2 and 179.85 μA μM−1 cm−2, respectively. More importantly, the Ni-HHTP-based electrochemical sensors showed an ability to analyze real biological samples by successfully distinguishing human serum from artificial sweat samples. This work provides a new perspective for the use of cMOFs in the field of enzyme-free electrochemical sensing, highlighting their potential for future applications in the design and development of new multifunctional and high-performance flexible electronic sensors.
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- 2023
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30. Paper Mill Biosolids and Forest-Derived Liming Materials Applied on Cropland: Residual Effects on Soil Properties and Metal Availability
- Author
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Bernard Gagnon and Noura Ziadi
- Subjects
Soil Science ,liming ,organic matter ,paper mill biosolids ,residual effect ,trace metals ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Combined paper mill biosolids (PB) and forest-derived liming by-products improve soil properties, but their residual effects following several years of application have hardly been investigated. A 13-year (2009–2021) field study was initiated at Yamachiche, QC, Canada, to assess the residual effects of PB and liming materials on the properties of a loamy soil. The PB was applied during nine consecutive years (2000–2008) at 0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg wet·ha−1, whereas the 30 Mg PB·ha−1 rate also received one of three liming materials (calcitic lime, lime mud, wood ash) at 3 Mg wet·ha−1. No amendment was applied during residual years. Past liming materials continued to increase soil pH but their effect decreased over time; meanwhile, past PB applications caused a low increase in residual soil NO3-N. Soil total C, which represented 40% of added organic C when PB applications ceased, stabilized to 15% after six years. Soil Mehlich-3-extractable contents declined over the thirteen residual years to be not significant for P, K, and Cu, while they reached half the values of the application years for Zn and Cd. Conversely, Mehlich-3 Ca was little affected by time. Therefore, land PB and liming material applications benefited soil properties several years after their cessation.
- Published
- 2023
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31. Application of plasma-printed paper-based SERS substrate for cocaine detection
- Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology is an attractive method for the prompt and accurate on-site screening of illicit drugs. As portable Raman systems are available for onsite screening, the readiness of SERS technology for sensing applications is predominantly dependent on the accuracy, stability and cost-effectiveness of the SERS strip. An atmospheric-pressure plasmaassisted chemical deposition process that can deposit an even distribution of nanogold particles in a one-step process has been developed. The process was used to print a nanogold film on a paperbased substrate using a HAuCl4 solution precursor. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrates that the gold has been fully reduced and that subsequent plasma post-treatment decreases the carbon content of the film. Results for cocaine detection using this substrate were compared with two commercial SERS substrates, one based on nanogold on paper and the currently available best commercial SERS substrate based on an Ag pillar structure. A larger number of bands associated with cocaine was detected using the plasma-printed substrate than the commercial substrates across a range of cocaine concentrations from 1 to 5000 ng/mL. A detection limit as low as 1 ng/mL cocaine with high spatial uniformity was demonstrated with the plasma-printed substrate. It is shown that the plasma-printed substrate can be produced at a much lower cost than the price of the commercial substrate.
- Published
- 2021
32. Mapping of Coral Reefs with Multispectral Satellites: A Review of Recent Papers
- Abstract
Coral reefs are an essential source of marine biodiversity, but they are declining at an alarming rate under the combined effects of global change and human pressure. A precise mapping of coral reef habitat with high spatial and time resolutions has become a necessary step for monitoring their health and evolution. This mapping can be achieved remotely thanks to satellite imagery coupled with machine-learning algorithms. In this paper, we review the different satellites used in recent literature, as well as the most common and efficient machine-learning methods. To account for the recent explosion of published research on coral reel mapping, we especially focus on the papers published between 2018 and 2020. Our review study indicates that object-based methods provide more accurate results than pixel-based ones, and that the most accurate methods are Support Vector Machine and Random Forest. We emphasize that the satellites with the highest spatial resolution provide the best images for benthic habitat mapping. We also highlight that preprocessing steps (water column correction, sunglint removal, etc.) and additional inputs (bathymetry data, aerial photographs, etc.) can significantly improve the mapping accuracy.
- Published
- 2021
33. Phenylcarbamate-Modified Paper for Paper Chromatographic Analysis of Hydrophobic Compounds
- Author
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Bungo Ochiai, Seiya Koseki, and Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Subjects
paper chromatography ,separation ,carbamate ,urethane ,hydrophobic ,modified paper ,General Medicine - Abstract
Paper chromatography is a low-cost and facile analytical method traditionally used to analyze hydrophilic substances. For the application to substances with lower polarity, we prepared a stationary phase based on filter paper modified with phenyl isocyanate (PI-FP), bearing phenyl carbamate moieties for hydrophobic, π-π, and electrostatic interactions. The preparation and chromatographic methods were established by selecting papers, comparing different chemical structures, optimizing the modification procedure, investigating eluents, and quantitatively parameterizing the separation behavior based on the character of the analytes. PI-FP exhibited better separation performance than esterified FPs and enabled chromatographic analysis of various dyes with both positive and negative clogP (calculated water-octanol partition coefficient). We also demonstrated an application of this system for a preparative separation of dyes using thread-like paper modified with PI.
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- 2022
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34. Carbon Fiber Paper Sensor for Determination of Trimethoprim Antibiotic in Fish Samples
- Author
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Álvaro Torrinha, Miguel Tavares, Vitória Dibo, Cristina Delerue-Matos, and Simone Morais
- Subjects
electrochemical sensor ,carbon paper ,trimethoprim ,electroanalysis ,fish ,environmental analysis ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Biochemistry ,Instrumentation ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
The increase in anthropogenic pollution raises serious concerns regarding contamination of water bodies and aquatic species with potential implications on human health. Pharmaceutical compounds are a type of contaminants of emerging concern that are increasingly consumed and, thus, being frequently found in the aquatic environment. In this sense, an electrochemical sensor based on an unmodified and untreated carbon fiber paper (CPS—carbon paper sensor) was simply employed for the analysis of trimethoprim antibiotic in fish samples. First, the analytical conditions were thoroughly optimized in order for the CPS to achieve maximum performance in trimethoprim determination. Therefore, an electrolyte (0.1 M Britton–Robinson buffer) pH of 7 was selected and for square wave voltammetry parameters, optimum values of amplitude, frequency and step potential corresponded to 0.02 V, 50 Hz, and 0.015 V, respectively, whereas the deposition of analyte occurred at +0.7 V for 60 s. In these optimum conditions, the obtained liner range (0.05 to 2 µM), sensitivity (48.8 µA µM−1 cm−2), and LOD (0.065 µM) competes favorably with the commonly used GCE-based sensors or BDD electrodes that employ nanostructuration or are more expensive. The CPS was then applied for trimethoprim determination in fish samples after employing a solid phase extraction procedure based on QuEChERS salts, resulting in recoveries of 105.9 ± 1.8% by the standard addition method.
- Published
- 2023
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35. Partial Replacement of Cationic Starch by Cationic Hardwood Kraft Lignin Does Not Compromise Key Paper Properties
- Author
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Patrícia I. F. Pinto, Paula C. R. Pinto, Dmitry V. Evtuguin, and Falk Liebner
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,cationic starch ,cationic lignin ,hardwood kraft pulp ,papermaking ,water-soluble kraft lignin ,bulk paper modification - Abstract
Competition issues with food industry have recently boosted the exploration of alternative solutions capable of replacing starch in papermaking to a certain extent. Covalent grafting of quaternary ammonium groups onto LignoBoost® Eucalyptus kraft lignin has recently shown promise in this regard as the cationic products feature excellent water solubility across the entire pH scale. Considering these suitable properties, cationic kraft lignin was applied and evaluated, for the first time, in the perspective of partial substitution of cationic starch in papermaking, using bleached Eucalyptus kraft pulp. Based on an assessment of key paper properties, such as mechanical (tensile, bursting, and tearing indexes), structural (roughness, capillarity rise, air resistance, internal strength, and water contact angle), and optical ones (brightness, opacity, and relative color change), it is safe to conclude that the partial replacement of conventional cationic starch by cationic lignin does not compromise these features. The results also show that properties can be fine-tuned by varying the degree of lignin derivatization, providing paper-specific solutions for replacing starch by lignin potentially available at large-scale at the pulp and paper industry, closing the loop within the circular economy concept.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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36. Usability of Discarded Lignocellulosic Fibers in Paper for Secondary Green Packaging and Labeling
- Author
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Irena Bates, Ivana Plazonić, Valentina Radić Seleš, Katja Petric Maretić, and Maja Rudolf
- Subjects
label ,lignocellulosic fibers ,printed paper ,secondary packaging ,straw ,usability ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Building and Construction ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law - Abstract
Packaging and labels are used for a variety of products and have become an indispensable part of daily life, while products without labels or packaging cause uncertainty among consumers. The global trend is to reduce the amount of packaging waste by recycling and reusing the same material or using other available waste raw materials. With large quantities of stalks remaining discarded in the fields after harvest each year, cereal straw is emerging as an alternative source of lignocellulosic fibers for secondary green packaging and labels. In this study, the usability of printed papers with discarded lignocellulosic fibers by offset and gravure printing processes for secondary green packaging and labels was observed based on the qualitative parameters of reproduction and ink penetration into the printing substrate. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that gravure prints have greater penetration of the ink into the printing substrate, resulting in more uneven surface coverage with printing ink, compared to offset prints, where the viscosity of the ink and the printing process itself have the greatest influence. Therefore, these substrates with discarded lignocellulosic fibers can be used for secondary green packaging and labeling printed by the offset printing process, while gravure printing requires an additional coating or a larger amount of filler in the paper structure.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Self-Supporting Flexible Paper-Based Electrode Reinforced by Gradient Network Structure
- Author
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Shaoran Kang, Zhijian Li, Jinbao Li, Hairu Wei, Yanbo Guo, Haiwen Li, Peng Yan, and Haiwei Wu
- Subjects
Polymers and Plastics ,level three gradient network ,reinforced ,self-supporting paper-based electrode ,flexibility ,high capacity ,General Chemistry - Abstract
At present, the self-supporting paper-based electrode has some problems, such as low mechanical strength and insufficient flexibility, which restrict its application in flexible electronics. In this paper, FWF is used as the skeleton fiber, and the contact area and the number of hydrogen bonds of the fiber are increased by grinding the fiber and adding nanofibers to bridge it, and a level three gradient enhanced skeleton support network structure is constructed, which effectively improves the mechanical strength and foldability of the paper-based electrodes. The tensile strength of FWF15-BNF5 paper-based electrode is 7.4 MPa, the elongation at break is increased to 3.7%, the electrode thickness is as low as 66 μm, the electrical conductivities is 5.6 S cm−1, and the contact angle to electrolyte as low as 45°, which has excellent electrolyte wettability, flexibility, and foldability. After three-layer superimposed rolling, the discharge areal capacity reached 3.3 mAh cm−2 and 2.9 mAh cm−2 at the rate of 0.1 C and 1.5 C, respectively, which was superior to the commercial LFP electrode, it had good cycle stability, and the areal capacity was 3.0 mAh cm−2 and 2.8 mAh cm−2 after 100 cycles at the rate of 0.3 C and 1.5 C.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Catalytic Ozonation for Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewater Treatment: COD Reduction and Organic Matter Degradation Mechanism
- Author
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Chenxu Zhou, Jiaming Zhang, Yuxuan Cai, and Jianhua Xiong
- Subjects
ozonation ,FT-IR analysis ,Filtration and Separation ,pulp and paper mill wastewater ,Analytical Chemistry ,GC-MS analysis - Abstract
Rapid degradation of pulping and papermaking wastewater in a pulp and paper mill is crucial for recycling purposes yet challenging to achieve. The purpose of this research is to provide a technical guide for the ozone degradation treatment process of pulp and paper mill wastewater and to explore the reaction mechanism of dissolved and colloidal substances (DCSs). This study is vital for effectively treating pulp and paper mill wastewater through ozonation. In the catalytic ozonation process to treat pulp and paper mill wastewater, a polyurethane sponge loaded with titanium dioxide was used as a catalyst. The optimal process conditions were determined to be 8 min of treatment time, a 16 mg/L ozone concentration, pH 9, and a 7.5% catalyst filling ratio. The COD reduction under these conditions is approximately 52%. The catalytic ozonation system, according to the FI-IR and GC-MS analyses, could degrade the large-molecule volatile organic compounds in the raw wastewater into small-molecule substances. Furthermore, the relative content of common DCSs in paper wastewater, such as palmitic acid and stilbene, could be reduced. The catalytic ozonation system is more effective for treating refractory organic compounds and has a higher COD reduction than the ozonation system.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Simultaneous and Sensitive Detection of Three Pesticides Using a Functional Poly(Sulfobetaine Methacrylate)-Coated Paper-Based Colorimetric Sensor
- Author
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Jingyang Zhu, Xinru Yin, Weiyi Zhang, Meilian Chen, Dongsheng Feng, Yong Zhao, and Yongheng Zhu
- Subjects
cypermethrin ,Clinical Biochemistry ,profenofos ,Biomedical Engineering ,detection ,microfluidic paper-based analytical devices ,General Medicine ,Instrumentation ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,chlorpyrifos ,Analytical Chemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CHL), profenofos (PRO) and cypermethrin (CYP) are widely used in combination to increase crop yields. However, these three pesticides can cause serious harm to human health and do not easily degrade. In this study, a novel visible paper sensor has been prepared successfully and different colorimetric reactions were utilized to detect the three pesticides simultaneously. The sensor was constructed by grafting a zwitterionic polymer onto a cellulose filter (CF) and placing it on a glass surface modified with PDMS. The branch shape was designed to form multiple detection areas, which were modified with specific pesticides and corresponding chromogenic reagents. The as-prepared colorimetric platform exhibited high sensitivity, a short detection time, a good linear response and a low detection limit (LOD) for the three pesticides (chlorpyrifos: y = 46.801 − 1.939x, R2 = 0.983, LOD = 0.235 mg/L; profenofos: y = 40.068 + 42.5x, R2 = 0.988, LOD = 4.891 mg/L; cypermethrin: y = 51.993 + 1.474x, R2 = 0.993, LOD = 4.053 mg/L). The comparison of the results obtained by the proposed paper sensor and those obtained by spectrophotometry further revealed the stability and reliability of the paper sensor. In particular, the color intensity of the interaction between the pesticides and coloring agents could be directly observed by the human eye. The consistency of the colorimetric/optical assay was proven in real target pesticide samples. Thus, this sensing strategy provides a portable, cost-effective, accurate and visualized paper platform, which could be suitable for application in the fruit and vegetable industry for monitoring CHL, PRO and CYP in parallel.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. A Paper-Chip-Based Phage Biosensor Combined with a Smartphone Platform for the Quick and On-Site Analysis of E. coli O157:H7 in Foods
- Author
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Chaiyong Wu, Dengfeng Li, Qianli Jiang, and Ning Gan
- Subjects
paper-chip-based phage biosensor ,foods ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,smartphone ,POCT assay ,E. coli O157:H7 ,Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
The rapid and specific point-of-care (POC) analysis of virulent pathogenic strains plays a key role in ensuring food quality and safety. In this work, a paper-based fluorescent phage biosensor was developed for the detection of the virulent E. coli O157:H7 strain (as the mode of virulent pathogens) in food samples. Firstly, phages that can specifically combine with E. coli O157:H7 (E. coli) were stained with SYTO-13 dye to prepare a novel fluorescent probe (phage@SYTO). Simultaneously, a micro-porous membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm was employed as a paper chip so as to retain the E. coli-phage@SYTO complex (>1.2 μm) on its surface. The phage@SYTO (200 nm in size) was able to pass through the pores of the chip, and the complex could be retained on the paper chip using the free phage@SYTO probes. The E. coli-phage@SYTO could emit a visual fluorescent signal (excited at 365 nm; emitted at 520 nm) onto the chip, which could be detected by a smartphone to reflect the concentration of E. coli. Under optimized conditions, the detection limit was as low as 50 CFU/mL (S/N = 3) and exhibited a wide linear range from 102 to 106 CFU/mL. The sensor has potential application value for the quick and specific POCT detection of virulent E. coli in foods.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Cellulose-Graphene Bifunctional Paper Conservation Materials: For Reinforcement and UV Aging Protection
- Author
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Peng Tian, Meirong Shi, Jingmin Hou, and Peng Fu
- Subjects
carboxymethyl cellulose ,paper reinforcement ,Materials Chemistry ,UV aging protection ,graphene oxide ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films - Abstract
Paper artifacts have unique cultural and historical values. However, over time, many paper artifacts appear with disease characteristics such as embrittlement and photoaging, losing the most fundamental function of the literature archive. The reinforcement handling of degraded paper artifacts is, therefore, a necessary measure to extend their service life, the key to which lies in the reinforcement and prevention of photoaging. This paper intended to use graphene oxide (GO) as a UV protective agent, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a reinforcement, and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as a modifier. In this work, the amino-modified graphene oxide carboxymethyl cellulose composite (CMC-aGO) was prepared by chemical modification, which was used as bifunctional paper protection material with anti-ultraviolet and reinforcement. It showed excellent performance in both tensile strength testing and UV resistance testing. The CMC-aGO raw material is low cost, colorless, transparent, simple to synthesize, convenient to operate, and is an excellent conservation material with dual functions of UV aging protection and paper reinforcement.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Experimental Study on the Manufacturing of Functional Paper with Modified by N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide Surfaces
- Author
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Nikolay V. Khomutinnikov, Igor O. Govyazin, Gennady E. Ivanov, Elena M. Fedorova, Igor S. Makarov, Markel I. Vinogradov, and Valery G. Kulichikhin
- Subjects
N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide ,Polymers and Plastics ,paper ,air permeability ,General Chemistry ,strength ,cellulose - Abstract
The manufacturing of paper with new functional properties is a current problem today. A method of modifying the surface layer of paper by the partial dissolution of cellulose on its surface is proposed. N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) is proposed for use as a solvent, the regeneration of which provides an environmentally friendly process. It was shown that among the possible hydrate forms of the solvent, the monohydrate and higher-melting forms are optimal for modifying the paper surface. The temperature–time modes of processing were revealed and the weight gain and density increase in the course of modification were estimated. The structural and morphological features of the original and modified paper were studied by X-ray imaging and scanning microscopy. The NMMO surface treatment makes it possible to vary the air permeability of the paper, making it practically non-permeable. The capillary and pore system were radically transformed after the partial dissolution of cellulose and its coagulation, as the formed cellulose film isolates them, which leads to a decrease in surface absorbency. The processing conditions allowing for the optimization of the optical and strength properties of the modified paper samples are revealed. The resulting paper with a modified N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide surface layer can be used for printing valuable documents.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Improving the Bioactivity of Norfloxacin with Tablets Made from Paper
- Author
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Ayat Abdelkader, Laura Nallbati, and Cornelia M. Keck
- Subjects
oral administration ,paper ,drug delivery ,tablets ,Pharmaceutical Science ,dissolution ,porous material ,bioavailability ,BCS class - Abstract
(1) Background: Many drugs possess poor bioavailability, and many strategies are available to overcome this issue. In this study, smartFilm technology, i.e., a porous cellulose matrix (paper), in which the active compound can be loaded onto in an amorphous state was utilised for oral administration to improve the solubility and bioactivity of a poorly soluble BSC class IV antibiotic. (2) Methods: Norfloxacin was used as the model drug and loaded into commercially available paper. The resulting norfloxacin-loaded smartFilms were transformed into smartFilm granules via wet granulation and the resulting norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm granules were transformed into norfloxacin-loaded tablets made from paper, i.e., smartFilm tablets. The crystalline state of norfloxacin was investigated, as well as the pharmaceutical properties of the granules and the tablets. The bioactivity of the smartFilm tablets was assessed in vitro and ex vivo to determine the antibacterial activity of norfloxacin. The results were compared to a physical mixture tablet that contained non-loaded paper granules and equal amounts of norfloxacin as a crystalline powder. (3) Results: Norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm granules and norfloxacin-loaded smartFilm tablets contained norfloxacin in an amorphous state, which resulted in an improved and faster release of norfloxacin when compared to the physical mixture tablet. The bioactivity was up to three times higher when compared to the physical mixture tablet. The ex vivo model was demonstrated to be a useful tool that allows for a fast and cost-effective discrimination between “good” and “bad” formulations. It provides realistic physiological conditions and can therefore yield meaningful, additional biopharmaceutical information that cannot be assessed in classical in vitro experiments. (4) Conclusions: smartFilm tablets are a promising, universal, industrially feasible and cost-effective formulation strategy for improved solubility and enhanced bioactivity of poorly soluble drugs.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Colorimetric Paper Sensor for Food Spoilage Based on Biogenic Amine Monitoring
- Author
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Maria Maddalena Calabretta, Denise Gregucci, Riccardo Desiderio, and Elisa Michelini
- Subjects
food spoilage ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Biomedical Engineering ,biogenic amines ,General Medicine ,smartphone ,Analytical Chemistry ,food safety ,colorimetric detection ,paper sensor ,Instrumentation ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Biotechnology ,genipin - Abstract
Biogenic amines (BAs), nitrogenous molecules usually present in different foods, can be considered an indicator of freshness and food quality since their amount increases during food spoilage. Their detection, possibly in real time via the use of smart packaging, is therefore of crucial importance to ensure food safety and to fulfill consumers’ demand. To this end, colorimetric sensors are considered one of the most feasible solutions. Here, we report a user-friendly colorimetric sensing paper able to detect BAs via the naked eye. The sensing molecule is the aglycone genipin, a natural cross-linking agent extracted from gardenia fruit, able to bind BAs producing water-soluble blue pigments. The paper sensor was applied to chicken meat quality monitoring and a quantitative analysis was performed with image acquisition via a smartphone camera, achieving a limit of detection equivalent to 0.1 mM of putrescine. The suitability of the BA sensing paper was assessed by integrating the sensor into smart packaging and analyzing commercial chicken meat samples stored at different temperatures; the results of the sensor paralleled the “best before date” indicated on the label, confirming the potential applicability of the sensor as a smart label.
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- 2023
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45. Paper-Based Colorimetric Detection of miRNA-21 Using Pre-Activated Nylon Membrane and Peroxidase-Mimetic Activity of Cysteamine-Capped Gold Nanoparticles
- Author
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Maliana El Aamri, Hasna Mohammadi, and Aziz Amine
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Clinical Biochemistry ,Biomedical Engineering ,General Medicine ,colorimetric detection ,nanozyme ,nylon paper ,microRNA ,genosensors ,gold nanoparticles ,smartphone ,Instrumentation ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Analytical Chemistry ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Irregular expression of MicroRNA-21 (miRNA-21) is considered as a promising biomarker for early cancer diagnosis. In this paper, a new genosensor based on paper and nanozyme activity of cysteamine-capped gold nanoparticles (Cys/AuNPs) was developed to detect picomolar concentrations of miRNA-21. Such nanozyme catalyzes the colorimetric reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 3,3′,5,5′ tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), to produce a blue color measurable by a smartphone. Due to their positive charge, Cys/AuNPs were attached to the negative phosphate groups of the DNA strand backbone via electrostatic interactions, leading to the quantitative determination of miRNA-21 concentration by the peroxidase-like activity of Cys/AuNPs. Furthermore, a paper-based assay was carried out on nylon disk devices to allow fast immobilization of DNAprobe. After performing the paper-based assay, a good linear range was observed between 1 pM and 1 nM (Y = 0.080 [MiRNA-21]/pM + 13.846, R2 = 0.993) with a detection limit of 0.5 pM. The developed method was effective, selective, and sensitive for the miRNA-21 detection. The application of the proposed method for miRNA-21 detection was examined in a human serum sample, and a recovery rate of 90.0–97.6% was obtained showing the acceptable accuracy of the developed approach.
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- 2023
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46. Removal of Hexavalent Chromium in Aqueous Solution by Cellulose Filter Paper Loaded with Nano-Zero-Valent Iron: Performance Investigation and Numerical Modeling
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Huali Li, Zhongyu Ren, Dan Huang, Qi Jing, and Haokai Tang
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transport simulation ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,nano-zero-valent iron ,filter paper ,HYDRUS-1D ,Cr(VI) removal - Abstract
Cr(VI) pollution in water bodies is very harmful to human health and the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to remove Cr(VI) from water. In this study, the composite (FP-nZVI) was prepared by loading nano-zero-valent iron (nZVI) onto cellulose filter paper (FP) using a liquid-phase reduction method to improve the dispersibility and oxidation resistance of nZVI. In batch experiments, the effects of iron loading of FP-nZVI, initial concentration of Cr(VI), temperature, and pH on Cr(VI) removal were particularly investigated. The maximum removal rate of 98.6% was achieved at 25 °C, pH = 5, initial concentration of Cr(VI) of 20 mg/L, and FeCl3·6H2O solution concentration of 0.8 mol/L. The removal of Cr(VI) by FP-nZVI conformed to a pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. The mechanism of Cr(VI) removal was a multi-step removal mechanism, involving adsorption, reduction, and coprecipitation. Column experiments investigated the effect of flow rate (1 mL/min, 3 mL/min, and 5 mL/min) on Cr(VI) removal. We found that increasing flow rate slightly decreased the removal rate of Cr(VI). The transport of Cr(VI) in composite porous media was simulated using HYDRUS-1D, and the results show that the two-site model can well simulate the reactive transport of Cr(VI). This study may provide a useful reference for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with Cr(VI) or other similar heavy metals using FP-nZVI.
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- 2023
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47. Decarbonization Prospects for the European Pulp and Paper Industry: Different Development Pathways and Needed Actions
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Satu Lipiäinen, Eeva-Lotta Apajalahti, and Esa Vakkilainen
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Control and Optimization ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,energy transition ,pulp and paper industry ,climate policy ,bioenergy ,CO2 emissions ,BECCS ,biofuels ,energy efficiency ,Building and Construction ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Energy (miscellaneous) - Abstract
The pulp and paper industry (PPI) has several opportunities to contribute to meeting prevailing climate targets. It can cut its own CO2 emissions, which currently account for 2% of global industrial fossil CO2 emissions, and it has an opportunity to produce renewable energy, fuels, and materials for other sectors. The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of the decarbonization prospects of the PPI. The study provides insights on the magnitude of needed annual renewal rates for several possible net-zero target years of industrial fossil CO2 emissions in the PPI and discusses decarbonization opportunities, namely, energy and material efficiency improvement, fuel switching, electrification, renewable energy production, carbon capture, and new products. The effects of climate policies on the decarbonization opportunities are critically evaluated to provide an overview of the current and future business environment of the European PPI. The focus is on Europe, but other regions are analyzed briefly to widen the view. The analysis shows that there are no major technical barriers to the fossil-free operation of the PPI, but the sector renovates slowly, and many new opportunities are not implemented on a large scale due to immature technology, poor economic feasibility, or unclear political environment.
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- 2023
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48. A Nitrocellulose Paper-Based Multi-Well Plate for Point-of-Care ELISA
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Zhen Qin, Zongjie Huang, Peng Pan, Yueyue Pan, Runze Zuo, Yu Sun, and Xinyu Liu
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Control and Systems Engineering ,Mechanical Engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,paper-based ELISA ,nitrocellulose ,multi-well paper plate ,point-of-care diagnostics - Abstract
Low-cost diagnostic tools for point-of-care immunoassays, such as the paper-based enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), have become increasingly important, especially so in the recent COVID-19 pandemic. ELISA is the gold-standard antibody/antigen sensing method. This paper reports an easy-to-fabricate nitrocellulose (NC) paper plate, coupled with a desktop scanner for ELISA, which provides a higher protein immobilization efficiency than the conventional cellulose paper-based ELISA platforms. The experiments were performed using spiked samples for the direct ELISA of rabbit IgG with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.016 μg/mL, in a measurement range of 10 ng/mL to 1 mg/mL, and for the sandwich ELISA of sperm protein (SP-10) with an LOD of 88.8 ng/mL, in a measurement range of 1 ng/mL to 100 μg/mL. The described fabrication method, based on laser-cutting, is a highly flexible one-step laser micromachining process, which enables the rapid production of low-cost NC paper-based multi-well plates with different sizes for the ELISA measurements.
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- 2022
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49. Improving the Barrier Properties of Paper to Moisture, Air, and Grease with Nanocellulose-Based Coating Suspensions
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André Mazega, Quim Tarrés, Roberto Aguado, Maria Àngels Pèlach, Pere Mutjé, Paulo J. T. Ferreira, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, and Agencia Estatal de Investigación
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air resistance ,alginate ,barrier properties ,Kit rating ,minerals ,nanocellulose ,packaging paper ,poly(vinyl alcohol) ,pullulan ,water vapor transmission rate ,General Chemical Engineering ,Paper -- Fabricació ,Papermaking ,Paper -- Embalatge ,Paper -- Packing ,General Materials Science ,Materials nanoestructurats ,Nanostructured materials - Abstract
Food packaging manufacturers often resort to lamination, typically with materials which are neither non-biodegradable nor biobased polymers, to confer barrier properties to paper and cardboard. The present work considers a greener solution: enhancing paper’s resistance to moisture, grease, and air by aqueous coating suspensions. For hydrophobization, a combined approach between nanocellulose and common esterifying agents was considered, but the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) remained excessively high for the goal of wrapping moisture-sensitive products (>600 g m−2 d−1). Nonetheless, oil-repellant surfaces were effectively obtained with nanocellulose, illite, sodium alginate, and/or poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), reaching Kit ratings up to 11. Regarding air resistance, mineral-rich coatings attained values above 1000 Gurley s. In light of these results, nanocellulose, minerals, PVA, pullulan, alginate, and a non-ionic surfactant were combined for multi-purpose coating formulations. It is hypothesized that these materials decrease porosity while complementing each other’s flaws, e.g., PVA succeeds at decreasing porosity but has low dimensional stability. As an example, a suspension mostly constituted by nanocellulose, sizing agents, minerals and PVA yielded a WVTR of roughly 100 g m−2 d−1, a Kit rating of 12, and an air resistance above 300 s/100 mL. This indicates that multi-purpose coatings can be satisfactorily incorporated into paper structures for food packaging applications, although not as the food contact layer The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation to the projects CON‐FUTURO‐ES (PID2020‐113850RB‐C22) and NextPack (PID2021‐124766OA‐I00)
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- 2022
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50. Wet End Chemical Properties of a New Kind of Fire-Resistant Paper Pulp Based on Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Nanowires
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Li-Ying Dong, Ying-Jie Zhu, and Jin Wu
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Durapatite ,Nanowires ,Chemistry (miscellaneous) ,Organic Chemistry ,Drug Discovery ,nanowire ,hydroxyapatite ,fire-resistant paper ,paper pulp ,wet end chemical properties ,paper making ,Water ,Molecular Medicine ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Particle Size ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Analytical Chemistry - Abstract
In 2014, a new type of the fire-resistant paper based on ultralong hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowires was reported by the author’s research group, which had superior properties and promising applications in various fields, such as high-temperature resistance, fire retardance, heat insulation, electrical insulation, energy, environmental protection, and biomedicine. The wet end chemical properties of the fire-resistant paper pulp are very important for papermaking and mechanical performance of the paper, which play a guiding role in the practical production of the fire-resistant paper. In this paper, the wet end chemical properties of a new kind of fire-resistant paper pulp based on ultralong HAP nanowires are studied for the first time by focusing on the wet end chemical parameters, the effects of these parameters on the properties such as flocculation, retention, draining, and white water circulation of the fire-resistant paper pulp, and their effects on the properties of the as-prepared fire-resistant paper. The experimental results indicated that the wet end chemical properties of the new kind of fire-resistant paper pulp based on ultralong HAP nanowires were unique and entirely different from those of the traditional paper pulp based on plant fibers. The wet end chemical properties of the fire-resistant paper pulp were significantly influenced by the inorganic adhesive and its content, which affected the runnability of the paper machine and the properties of the as-prepared fire-resistant paper. The flocculation properties of the fire-resistant paper pulp based on ultralong HAP nanowires were affected by the conductivity and Zeta potential. The addition of the inorganic adhesive in the fire-resistant paper pulp based on ultralong HAP nanowires could significantly increase the conductivity of the fire-resistant paper pulp, reduce the particle size of paper pulp floccules, and increase the tensile strength of the fire-resistant paper. In addition, the fire-resistant paper pulp based on ultralong HAP nanowires in the presence of inorganic adhesive exhibited excellent antibacterial performance. This work will contribute to and accelerate the commercialization process and applications of the new type of the fire-resistant paper based on ultralong HAP nanowires.
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- 2022
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