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Competing Interests: CONFLICTS OF INTEREST None to report.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention affirm that health equity is only achieved when everyone has opportunities to attain full health potential without disadvantages related to social position or socially determined circumstances. To reduce health inequities in nursing research, researchers must increase diversity in study samples and ensure that study participants are representative of all populations in the United States. Identifying effective methods for recruiting underrepresented populations must be a thoughtful and reflective component of every research methodology. To achieve health equity in research studies, nurse researchers and clinicians must carefully plan ways to recruit study participants who represent all populations., Competing Interests: CONFLICTS OF INTEREST Donna Hallas is Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Pediatric Health Care. Regena Spratling is Research Methods Department Editor for the Journal of Pediatric Health Care and President of the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. The authors have no other conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) determines rigor, quality, and whether the findings are applicable to the populations served in clinical practices. The authors conducted a rigorous analysis using the RCT Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Checklist for the two RCTs Pfizer (New York, NY) and Moderna (Cambridge, MA) conducted and the reporting of these RCTs using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist. The goals for this analysis were twofold: (1) enable health care providers to understand the methods and outcomes of these RCTs, and (2) enable health care providers and community leaders to become champions for the vaccines to reduce vaccine hesitancy among all populations. The analysis is presented using each of the 11 questions on the CASP tool while comparing the methodology and results for each vaccine. Most CASP tool items were positive or yes for both the Pfizer and Moderna RCTs. Items that were not scored as yes are discussed. The analysis outcomes revealed that both RCTs were rigorously conducted and provide an assurance to all health care providers and the public of the safety and efficacy of both vaccines to impact the astounding morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 disease. The authors believed that the analysis was an essential component of the distribution process to develop plans and communication strategies to reduce potential vaccine hesitancy and resistance., (Copyright © 2021 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In today's fast-paced health care delivery system, new evidence for practice emerges on a daily basis, and research results are quickly disseminated. Nurse practitioners are challenged to evaluate the relevance of the evidence to their patient populations and whether clinical practice should be changed on the basis of the presenting evidence. Nurse researchers also need to report study findings in a relevant, organized, and scholarly manner using reporting guidelines. This paper discusses both critical appraisal checklists and reporting guidelines providing exemplars for using each of the available tools., (Copyright © 2020 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this paper is to describe quadangulation as a methodology for conducting and analyzing combined ethnographic studies and quality improvement (QI) projects into one comprehensive investigation to improve the quality of health care. A comprehensive base of cultural influences in all health-care delivery settings, obtained from the design, implementation, and interpretation of a rigorous ethnographic investigation, and a QI project is new proposed methodology, called quadangulation. This new methodology has the potential to influence transformational cultural change, quality whole-person patient-centered care, and improved population health, through in-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of cultural influences and clinical problems., (Copyright © 2019 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Nurse practitioners need to critically appraise the abundance of research evidence and clinical practice guidelines to make astute decisions about the implementation of the best available evidence to clinical practice. There are numerous ways to appraise research and practice guidelines that are designed to inform clinical practice with the overall goals of improving patient outcomes. This article presents existing tools to appraise the research evidence in addition to a guide for providers on critical appraisal of a research study., (Copyright © 2019 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The study aims were to analyze interprofessional practice collaborations among traditional and nontraditional health care providers and to educate nurse practitioner preceptors and students on population health, specifically, implementation of geospatial information system (GIS) maps and the correlation with the opioid crisis., Methods: A descriptive analysis was used to examine New York State data on the opioid crisis in comparison to outcome data from GIS maps of opioid use in two boroughs in New York City. Web-based modules were designed for analysis of GIS maps of opioid use near practice settings., Results: New York State data provided context for local opioiduse, while GIS maps identified specific areas of the New York City boroughs that were most affected by the opioid epidemic., Discussion: The importance of local GIS maps is that the information is available in real-time, and thus interventions can be designed, evaluated, and changed quickly to meet the immediate needs of the community., (Copyright © 2019 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purposes of the study were to determine (a) the knowledge base of mothers of newborns on oral health for newborns and young infants and (b) the effectiveness of an oral health education program provided to mothers of newborns prior to discharge from the postpartum unit., Methods: Ninety-four mothers of healthy newborns on a postpartum unit were randomized to the treatment or control group. A pretest was administered to each mother to assess the mother's knowledge of infant oral health. The treatment intervention was a DVD designed collaboratively by an interprofessional team of nurse practitioners and dental faculty to educate the mothers on oral health care for their newborns. The control intervention was a DVD on newborn nutrition. All participants received routine newborn nursery discharge instructions by the postpartum nurses and physicians. Follow-up appointments were scheduled 6 and 12 months later for administration of the posttest to the mothers and for oral health assessments of the infants., Results: Pretest questionnaire results revealed that most mothers lacked knowledge about oral health care for infants and young children, especially concerning vertical transmission of streptococcus mutans through food-sharing practices. In addition, 28.4% of the mothers were not aware of the benefits of fluoride as a prevention strategy for dental caries. A significant no-show rate for the planned follow-up visits in the dental clinic hindered our plans to evaluate the effectiveness of the oral health educational program on prevention of dental white spots or decay when the study infants were 6 and 12 months old, respectively., Discussion: The knowledge deficit of mothers of newborns regarding oral health care for infants may be one of the contributing factors to the high prevalence rate of dental caries in children younger than 71 months. An oral health educational program provided to mothers on the postpartum unit prior to discharge from the hospital may help increase mothers' knowledge about oral health care and prevention of dental caries in infants and young children., (Copyright © 2015 National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes and beliefs of pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) and pediatricians concerning collaborative practice relationships and to explore the themes that emerged to establish a definition of collaborative practice between PNPs and pediatricians as it applies to current practice trends., Methods: Twenty-four PNP and pediatrician dyads were identified through a random sampling technique from a list of names of certified PNPs obtained from the National Certification Board of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners and Nurses. Questionnaires were mailed to certified PNPs and the collaborating pediatrician. Data were collected and analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methodology., Results: All PNPs and pediatricians were board certified and most had 6 or more years experience in a collaborative practice. The qualitative data revealed that open communication and a relationship built on mutual trust and respect, sharing of knowledge, and clinical expertise are essential components of a collaborative practice relationship if the shared goal of excellent patient care is to be achieved. Attitudes of importance in a collaborative practice relationship rated significantly higher by the PNPs included "respect for you as a professional" and "advocate for child health issues.", Conclusion: The data revealed that the words "supervision" and "independence" should be changed to "consultation" when describing a contemporary collaborative practice relationship between a nurse practitioner and physician.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to explore successful relationships between foster children and foster parents., Methods: Dyads of exemplary foster parents and foster children, identified by foster care experts, were interviewed to uncover the meaning of human bonding and attachment between the foster child and foster parent. Data were collected and analyzed with use of Colazzi's phenomenologic methodology., Results: A sense of family/coming home was most important for both foster children and foster parents. The powerful desire of the foster child to attain family membership emerged from their experiences, both in and out of foster care., Discussion: The combination of a caring foster parent who worked patiently with the child to help him or her establish membership and a foster child who not only recognized caring behaviors but also was willing to respond to them created the foundation for a successful relationship.