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Using individual-level data from the 1870?s, we examine who voted for agrarian third parties. We find these voters lacked ethnic or religious identification with a major party, were employed in non-agrarian jobs, and owned considerable wealth. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine why agrarians reversed their Jacksonian commitments to laissez faire to support countercyclical federal regulatory operations. We argue this reversal was caused by elected officials? manipulation of public opinion. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using survey data collected in the 1870s, we examine who supported third parties in the nineteenth century. Those supporting third parties lacked ethnic or religious identification with either the Republican or Democratic Party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many claim high rates of 19th century voter turnout ensured democratic control of public policy. As such studies ignore evidence that elections turned on ethno-religious issues, not economic policy, they underestimate state autonomy in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]