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A novel actinomycete strain, designated TRM 46012(T), was isolated from sediment of Aiding Lake in Tulufan Basin (42° 64' N 89° 26' E), north-west China. The strain was aerobic and Gram-staining-positive with an optimum NaCl concentration for growth of 0-5% (w/v). The isolate had sparse aerial mycelium and produced bud-shaped spores at the end of the aerial mycelium on ISP medium 4. The isolate contained ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and ribose as the major whole-cell sugar. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, one unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified glycolipids. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H₆), MK-9(H₈) and MK-9(H₄). The major fatty acids were iso-C(16:0), anteiso-C(17:0) and anteiso-C(15:0). The G+C content of the DNA was 74.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain TRM 46012(T) had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.7% with the most closely related species with a validly published name, Streptomyces cheonanensis, and it could be distinguished from all species in the genus Streptomyces by using the data from this polyphasic taxonomic study. On the basis of these data, strain TRM 46012(T) should be designated as a representative of a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces aidingensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TRM 46012(T) ( =CGMCC 4.5739(T) =NBRC 108211(T)).

A novel filamentous actinomycete strain, designated TRM 46004(T), was isolated from sediment of Aiding Lake in Tulufan Basin (42° 64' N 89° 26' E), north-west China. The isolate was characterized using a polyphasic approach. The isolate formed abundant aerial mycelium with few branches and vegetative mycelium, occasionally twisted and coiled; spherical sporangia containing one to several spherical spores developed at the ends of short sporangiophores on aerial mycelium. The G+C content of the DNA was 65.2 mol%. The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid and xylose, galactose and ribose as the major whole-cell sugars. The diagnostic phospholipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4), MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H10). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain TRM 46004(T) formed a distinct lineage within the family Pseudonocardiaceae and showed 91.7-96.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with members of the family Pseudonocardiaceae. On the basis of the evidence from this polyphasic study, a novel genus and species, Longimycelium tulufanense gen. nov., sp. nov., are proposed. The type strain of Longimycelium tulufanense is TRM 46004(T) (= CGMCC 4.5737(T) = NBRC 107726(T)).

Strain 211020(T) was isolated from rhizosphere soil of Excoecaria agallocha in a mangrove in Hainan, China. The strain produced longitudinal pair spores branching from aerial hyphae. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Microbispora, exhibiting the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.75 %) to Microbispora corallina JCM 10267(T) with a low DNA-DNA relatedness value (13 ± 0.6 %). The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid but madurose was not detected. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H(4)), MK-9(H(2)) and MK-9(H(0)), and the major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0), iso-C(15 : 0) and C(17 : 0). The phospholipid profile of strain 211020(T) comprised phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phospholipids of unknown structure containing glucosamine. The DNA G+C content was 70.8 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, strain 211020(T) can be distinguished as a novel species of the genus Microbispora, for which the name Microbispora hainanensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is 211020(T) ( = CGMCC 4.5595(T) = DSM 45428(T)).

A novel actinomycete strain, designated TRM F103(T), was isolated from a hypersaline habitat of the Tarim basin in Xinjiang province, north-west China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Amycolatopsis and was most closely related to Amycolatopsis halophila YIM 93223(T) (99.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). However, DNA-DNA relatedness between these two strains, based on triplicate experiments, was only 31.6%. The isolate contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and ribose, glucose and galactose as the major whole-cell sugars. The predominant menaquinone was MK-8(H(4)). The major fatty acids were iso-C(16:0) and C(16:0). The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine and glucosamine-containing phospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.4 mol%. The phenotypic data clearly distinguished the isolate from its closest relatives. The combined phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data indicate that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis. The proposed name is Amycolatopsis salitolerans sp. nov., with TRM F103(T) (=JCM 15899(T)=CCTCC AB 208326(T)) as the type strain.

A Gram-reaction-positive, non-motile actinobacterium, designated strain 210121(T), was isolated from rhizosphere soil of the mangrove fern Acrostichum speciosum. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Asanoa. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain 210121(T) and the type strains of the three recognized species of the genus Asanoa were below the 70 % threshold recommended for distinguishing bacterial genomic species. The novel isolate contained glutamic acid, glycine, alanine and meso-A(2)pm as cell-wall amino acids, indicating peptidoglycan type A1γ. The characteristic whole-cell sugars were xylose, ribose, glucose and mannose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H(4)), MK-9(H(6)) and MK-9(H(8)). The major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0) (30.9 %), C(17 : 0) (23.0 %), anteiso-C(15 : 0) (14.9 %) and iso-C(15 : 0) (12.3 %). The phospholipid profile comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and phospholipids of unknown structure containing glucosamine. The G+C content of the DNA was 70.3 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic data, strain 210121(T) ( = CGMCC 4.5593(T)  = DSM 45427(T)) represents a novel species of the genus Asanoa, for which the name Asanoa hainanensis sp. nov., is proposed. An emended description of the genus Asanoa is also proposed.

Three actinomycetal strains, designated YIM 90479, YIM 90480(T) and YIM 90600(T), were isolated from a salt field in Xinjiang province, North-west China and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic study. All three strains were moderately halophilic and were able to grow on agar at NaCl concentrations of up to 20-25 % (w/v). No growth was observed in the absence of NaCl. Good growth occurred at 37 °C and 15 % (w/v) NaCl. The cell walls of the three strains were of the type IV variety and their phospholipid patterns were type PIII. MK-9 (H(4)) and MK-10 (H(4)) or MK-9 (H(4)) and MK-9 (H(2)) were the predominant menaquinones. iso-C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0) or anteiso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(17 : 0) were the major fatty acids. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA were 66.4-68.3 mol%. Based on differential phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic characteristics and the results of DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the three novel stains represent two novel species, for which the names Actinopolyspora alba sp. nov. and Actinopolyspora erythraea sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of the species are YIM 90480(T) ( = DSM 45004(T)  = KCTC 19119(T)) and YIM 90600(T) ( = CCTCC M 208247(T)  = KCTC 19372(T)). In addition, we propose that Actinopolyspora iraqiensis (Ruan et al., 1994) be transferred to the genus Saccharomonospora as a heterotypic synonym of Saccharomonospora halophila based on present research results.

A novel strain, 219820(T), whose metabolites were found to be active against tumour cells, was isolated and characterized. The isolate belonged to the genus Streptomyces and had white to grey aerial mycelium and long chains of smooth spores in the aerial mycelium. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 219820(T) had highest similarity to members of the genus Streptomyces and was most closely, albeit loosely, associated with Streptomyces crystallinus NBRC 15401(T) (98.624 % similarity), Streptomyces melanogenes NBRC 12890(T) (98.565 %) and Streptomyces noboritoensis NBRC 13065(T) (98.564 %). However, DNA-DNA relatedness and phenotypic data readily distinguished strain 219820(T) from these phylogenetically related type strains. It is evident from the combination of genotypic and phenotypic data that strain 219820(T) represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces sanyensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is 219820(T) ( = CGMCC 4.5626(T)  = DSM 42014(T)).

Strain 210417(T), which forms highly branched substrate and aerial mycelia, is a Gram-positive, aerobic and non-motile actinomycete isolated from mangrove rhizosphere soil. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the strain should be classified in the genus Nonomuraea, being most closely related to the type strains of Nonomuraea coxensis (99.6 %) and Nonomuraea bangladeshensis (99.3 %). Chemotaxonomic properties [madurose as the major sugar in the cell wall; meso-diaminopimelic acid and N-acetylmuramic acid in the peptidoglycan; MK-9(H(4)) as the major menaquinone; iso-C(16 : 0) (24.1 %) as major fatty acid; and phospholipid pattern type IV] are consistent with the assignment of strain 210417(T) to the genus Nonomuraea. Strain 210417(T) could be differentiated from the closely related species N. coxensis and N. bangladeshensis by morphological, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization results. It is therefore proposed that strain 210417(T) represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea wenchangensis sp. nov. is given; the type strain is 210417(T) ( = CGMCC 4.5598(T)  = DSM 45477(T)).

Strain 211018(T) was isolated from mangrove Excocaria agallocha rhizosphere soil. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the highest similarity to the type strains of Micromonospora olivasterospora DSM 43868(T) (98.6 %) and Micromonospora pattaloongensis TJ2-2(T) (98.4 %). gyrB gene sequence analysis also indicated that strain 211018(T) should be assigned to the genus Micromonospora. The characteristic whole-cell sugars are xylose, mannose and arabinose. The predominant menaquinone is MK-9(H(4)) and the major fatty acids are iso-C(15 : 0) (27.5 %), 10-methyl C(17 : 0) (14.2 %), C(17 : 1)ω8c (12.8 %), iso-C(16 : 0) (12.6 %), anteiso-C(15 : 0) (6.1 %), iso-C(17 : 0) (4.1 %) and anteiso-C(17 : 0) (4.0 %). The phospholipid profile comprises phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The DNA G+C content is 70.8 mol%. The chemotaxonomic data of the strain coincided with those of the genus Micromonospora. Furthermore, a combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some physiological and biochemical properties indicated that the novel strain could be readily distinguished from the closest phylogenetic relatives. On the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, strain 211018(T) represents a novel species of the genus Micromonospora, for which the name Micromonospora rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 211018(T) (=CGMCC 4.5599(T) =DSM 45431(T)).

An actinomycete, designated MS426T, the culture broth of which showed potent antimicrobial activity, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample of the South China Sea. An almost-complete sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of strain MS426T was determined and aligned with those of representatives of the family Micromonosporaceae available in public databases. Phylogenetic trees were inferred by using three algorithms. Strain MS426T formed a branch adjacent to Verrucosispora lutea YIM 013T in a distinct cluster occupied only by strains of the genus Verrucosispora. Strain MS426T was distinguishable from the type strains of the two described Verrucosispora species by using a combination of chemical and morphological markers and by DNA-DNA relatedness. On the basis of these genotypic and phenotypic differences, the novel antimicrobial strain with pharmaceutical potential represents a novel species, for which the name Verrucosispora sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MS426T (=CGMCC 4.3550T =JCM 15670T).

A novel isolate, designated strain MCCC 1A01535(T), belonging to the genus Streptomyces was isolated from the rhizosphere of the mangrove plant Avicennia mariana from Fujian Province, south China. Characterization of the isolate was based on a polyphasic approach. Pairwise comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MCCC 1A01535(T) shared 97.7 and 97.5 % sequence similarities to Streptomyces specialis GW41-1564(T) and Streptomyces hainanensis YIM47672(T), respectively, its most closely related neighbours, whereas the DNA-DNA relatedness value between strains MCCC 1A01535(T) and GW41-1564(T) was 50.2 %. The major fatty acids of strain MCCC 1A01535(T) were iso-C(16 : 0), C(16 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0). These differed from the fatty acid compositions of related strains. Strain MCCC 1A01535(T) exhibited an unusual menaquinone system that comprised MK-10(H(6)) as the predominant component and moderate amounts of MK-9(H(6)), MK-9(H(8)) and MK-10(H(8)); minor amounts of MK-9(H(4)), MK-10(H(4)), MK-9(H(10)) and MK-10(H(10)) were also present. Based on its chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain MCCC 1A01535(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomyces avicenniae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MCCC 1A01535(T) (=DSM 41943(T)=CGMCC 4.5510(T)).

Actinomycete strain MCCC 1A01550(T), isolated from the national mangrove reserve in Fujian Province, China, was determined to belong to the genus Streptomyces based on a polyphasic approach. The cell wall of the novel strain contained ll-diaminopimelic acid and galactose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H(4)) and MK-9(H(6)) and the major fatty acids were iso-C(16 : 0), cis9-C(16 : 1) and C(16 : 0). The diagnostic phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 71.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed the separation of the novel strain from recognized members of the genus Streptomyces available in public databases. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain MCCC 1A01550(T) and the type strains of three related species ranged from 21.29 % to 43.38 %. Based on its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain MCCC 1A01550(T) (=DSM 41903(T)=CGMCC 4.3534(T)) represents the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces xiamenensis sp. nov. is proposed.

A novel actinomycete was isolated from soil in the tropical rainforest of Singapore. The cells of this actinomycete are highly pleomorphic. In the early stages of growth, most cells are of irregular squarish shape and varied sizes. Cells remain attached after cell division, often forming chains or aggregates of a few cells. Cells at the end of a chain tend to elongate. With prolonged cultivation, cells show different degrees of elongation and enlargement, producing branched hyphae of uneven thickness. At the periphery of the colony, long hyphae form, which are divided into alternating segments of elongated cells and chains of squarish cells. This actinomycete is considerably salt-tolerant, able to grow in the presence of 15% NaCl. Chemotaxonomically, it contains LL-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) in the cell wall, type PI phospholipids and MK-9(H6) as the predominant menaquinone. 16S rDNA sequence analysis assigned this actinomycete to the family Nocardioidaceae, but its 16S rDNA shared no more than 91.2% sequence similarity with other members of the family. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that this actinomycete be classified as a new species in a new genus, Actinopolymorpha singaporensis gen. nov., sp. nov.