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A Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated LX32T, was isolated from arsenic and cadmium contaminated farmland soil. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain LX32T was closely related to Phenylobacterium hankyongense HKS-05T (97.7 % sequence similarity), Phenylobacterium kunshanense CCTCC AB 2013085T (97.4 %) and Phenylobacterium deserti CCTCC AB 2016297T (97.1 %). The average nucleotide identity values of the whole genome sequences of LX32T/P. hankyongense HKS-05T, LX32T/P. kunshanense CCTCC AB 2013085T and LX32T/P. deserti CCTCC AB 2016297T were 79.8, 77.9 and 77.5 %, respectively. Its genome size was 4.02 Mb, comprising 3998 predicted genes with a DNA G+C content of 70.1 mol%. The major fatty acids were C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The polar lipid profiles consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, seven glycolipids and two unidentified polar lipids. The predominantly respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. Based on polyphasic analyses, the isolate is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Phenylobacterium , for which the name Phenylobacterium soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LX32T (=KCTC 62522=CCTCC AB 2018055).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated HKS-05T, was isolated from ginseng field soil. This bacterium was characterized to determine its taxonomic position by using the polyphasic approach. HKS-05T grew at 10–37 °C and at pH 6.0–8.0 on R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, HKS-05T was shown to represent a member of the family Caulobacteraceae and to be related to Phenylobacterium lituiforme FaiI3T (98.1 % sequence similarity), ‘ Phenylobacterium zucineum ’ HLK1 (97.9 %), Phenylobacterium muchangponense A8T (97.7 %), Phenylobacterium composti 4T-6T (97.2 %) and Phenylobacterium immobile ET (97.1 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10 and the major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, unidentified glycolipids and unidentified polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 70.4 mol%. DNA–DNA relatedness values between HKS-05T and its closest phylogenetically neighbours were low. HKS-05T could be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from the species of the genus Phenylobacterium with validly published names. The isolate therefore represents a novel species, for which the name Phenylobacterium hankyongense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain HKS-05T (=KACC 18628T=LMG 30081T)

A novel bacterial strain, designated YIM 73061T, was isolated from the Cholistan desert in Punjab, Pakistan, and characterized by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed the highest levels of sequence similarity with respect to Phenylobacterium conjunctum FWC21T (97.6 %), Phenylobacterium lituiforme FaiI3T (97.4 %), Phenylobacterium composti 4T-6T (97.0 %) and Phenylobacterium aquaticum W2-3-4T (96.8 %). Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic and motile rods that formed orange colonies. The strain was oxidase- and catalase-positive. Growth occurred at 20–40 °C (optimum, 30–37 °C) at pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0–1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0–0.5 %). The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) were summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol and four unidentified glycolipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 66.8 mol%. Strain YIM 73061T showed low levels of DNA–DNA relatedness to P. conjunctum FWC21T (27.2±2.6 %), P. lituiforme FaiI3T (24.6±1.1 %) and P. composti 4T-6T (18.4±3.1 %). On the basis of phylogenetic inference, chemotaxonomic characteristics and phenotypic data, strain YIM 73061T should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Phenylobacterium deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YIM 73061T (=DSM 103871T=CCTCC AB 2016297T).

Bacteria which utilize the xenobiotic compounds chloridazon, antipyrin, and pyramidon as sole carbon sources were isolated from various soil samples. The 22 strains isolated are similar with respect to morphological, physiological, biochemical, serological, and genetic properties. These bacteria are aerobic gram-negative rods or coccal rods (0.7 to 1.0 by 1.0 to 2.0 μm) that occur singly, in pairs, or in short chains and are nonmotile and nonsporeforming. Physiological and biochemical characteristics and susceptibility to antibiotics were determined. The strains need vitamin B12 as a growth factor; they are catalase positive and weakly oxidase positive and show slight H2S production. All of the other tests which we performed were negative. The nutritional spectrum is extraordinarily limited, with optimal growth on chloridazon, antipyrin, pyramidon, and l-phenylalanine. Most sugars, alcohols, amino and carboxylic acids, and ordinary complex media are not utilized. The bacteria are osmotically sensitive. They are a serologically uniform group of organisms, which are harmless to rats and rabbits. Their guanine-plus-cytosine contents range between 65 and 68.5 mol%. The chloridazon-degrading bacteria are characterized as a new genus, Phenylobacterium, with a single species, Phenylobacterium immobile. The type strain Phenylobacterium immobile strain E (= DSM 1986), is not closely related to any other gram-negative bacterium, as shown by a 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid partial sequence analysis. This organism is a member of group I of the purple nonsulfur bacteria, but is phylogenetically isolated in this group. Phenylobacterium immobile is remotely related to Pseudomonas diminuta, Rhizobium leguminosarum, rhodopseudomonads, and Aquaspirillum itersonii. Like other members of this group, Phenylobacterium immobile contains 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucose in its lipopolysaccharide. The murein equals a normal murein from a gram-negative bacterium. All citric acid cycle enzymes are detectable in Phenylobacterium immobile.