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Three Gram-staining-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped strains, designated as T40-1T, T40-3T and JL-62T, were isolated from the deep-sea water in the southwest Indian ridge. For strain T40-1T, growth occurred at 15–37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5) and in the presence of 0.5–5.0 % NaCl (w/v; optimum, 2.0 %). Strain T40-3T could grow at 15–40 °C (optimum, 28 °C), with 0.5–11.0 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %, w/v) at pH 6.0–9.5 (optimum, 8.0). The temperature, pH and salinity ranges for growth of strain JL-62T were 15–40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.5–9.0 (optimum, pH 7.5–8.0) and 0.5–9.0 % NaCl (w/v; optimum, 4.0 %). Ubiquinone-10 was the sole ubiquinone in all strains, the major fatty acids (>20 %) were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c / C18 : 1 ω6c). The major polar lipids of strains T40-1T and T40-3T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol. Strain JL-62T contained phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol as major polar lipids. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene and core-genomic sequences revealed affiliation of strains T40-1Tand T40-3T to the family Roseobacteraceae and formed two independent clades from other Roseobacteraceae genera, and those two strains had average nucleotide identities of 62.0–72.0 % to their phylogenetically related species which fell into to the genus boundary range, indicating that they represent two novel genera. While strain JL-62T represents a novel species in the genus Oricola belonging to the family Phyllobacteriaceae , which was supported by overall genomic relatedness index calculations. The DNA G+C contents of strains T40-1T, T40-3T and JL-62T were 66.5, 60.1 and 62.1 mol %, respectively. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, strains T40-1T (=MCCC M24557T=KCTC 82975T) and T40-3T (=MCCC 1K05135T=KCTC 82976T) are classified as representing two novel genera belonging to the family Roseobacteraceae with the names Mesobacterium pallidum gen. nov., sp. nov. and Heliomarina baculiformis gen. nov., sp. nov. are proposed, and strain JL-62T (=MCCC M24579T=KCTC 82974T) is proposed to represent a novel species within the genus Oricola with the name Oricola indica sp. nov. is proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, short-rod-shaped bacterium, designated 22DY03T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the East Pacific Rise. The isolate required NaCl and grew best with 3–7 % (w/v) sea salts at temperature of between 30 and 35 °C at pH 7.0. It formed non-pigmented colonies and produced exopolysaccharide, but did not produce bacteriochlorophyll a. Strain 22DY03T was positive for hydrolysis of aesculin and Tween 20 and negative for hydrolysis of casein, DNA, gelatin, starch and Tween 40, 60 and 80. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified phospholipids and four unidentified polar lipids. The major fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C18 : 1ω7c and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 22DY03T should be assigned to the genus Roseivivax . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the isolate and the type strains of species of the genus Roseivivax were in the range of 94.1–95.8 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, it is concluded that strain 22DY03T represents a novel species of the genus Roseivivax , for which the name Roseivivax pacificus sp. nov. (type strain 22DY03T = CGMCC 1.12410T = JCM 18866T) is proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-like, motile by peritrichous flagella and moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain B6T, was isolated a deep-sea sediment collected from the South Atlantic Ocean. The isolate grew with 0.5–15 % (w/v) NaCl, at 4–37 °C and pH 5.0–8.5 and showed a high tolerance to zinc, manganese, cobalt and copper ions. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, C12 : 0 3-OH and C12 : 0. The predominant ubiquinone was Q-9. The genomic DNA G+C content was 61.1 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene comparisons indicated that strain B6T belonged to the genus Halomonas , and the closest relative was Halomonas xinjiangensis TRM 0175T (96.1 %). Based upon the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genetic data, strain B6T represents a novel species from the genus Halomonas , for which the name Halomonas zincidurans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is B6T ( = CGMCC 1.12450T = JCM 18472T).

A marine prosthecate bacterium, designated strain P-1 km-3T, was isolated from deep seawater from the Pacific. Cells of strain P-1 km-3T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, dimorphic rods with a single polar prostheca or flagellum. The strain hydrolysed gelatin and grew at 6–40 °C (optimum, 30 °C) and with 0.5–12 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain P-1 km-3T belonged to the family Hyphomonadaceae in the class Alphaproteobacteria and represented a separate lineage, located between the genera Oceanicaulis and Woodsholea . Sequence similarities of strain P-1 km-3T with type strains of species of the genera Oceanicaulis and Woodsholea were 93.2–93.9 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids in strain P-1 km-3T were C18 : 1ω7c, C18 : 0, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, C17 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c. The major respiratory quinone of strain P-1 km-3T was Q-10. The polar lipids of strain P-1 km-3T comprised glucuronopyranosyldiglyceride (GUDG), monoglycosyldiglyceride (MGDG), sulfo-quinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), an unidentified phospholipid (PL) and an unidentified lipid (L). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain P-1 km-3T was 66.0 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic data presented in this study, strain P-1 km-3T is proposed to represent a novel species in a new genus, Marinicauda pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., within the family Hyphomonadaceae . The type strain of the type species is P-1 km-3T ( = KACC 16526T = CGMCC 1.11031T).

A Gram-negative, neutrophilic and rod-shaped bacterium, strain ZH17T, was isolated from a marine sediment of the East China Sea and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. The isolate grew in the presence of 0–7.5 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 6.5–9.0; optimum growth was observed with 0.5–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7.5. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed ubiquinone-10 as predominant respiratory quinone and C18 : 1ω7c, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0, C12 : 03-OH and C16 : 02-OH as major fatty acids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 63.5 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate belongs to the genusRuegeria. Strain ZH17Texhibited the closest phylogenetic affinity to the type strain ofRuegeria pomeroyi, with 97.2 % sequence similarity, and less than 97 % sequence similarity with respect to other described species of the genusRuegeria. The DNA–DNA reassociation value between strain ZH17TandR. pomeroyiDSM 15171Twas 50.7 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, strain ZH17Trepresents a novel species of the genusRuegeria, for which the nameRuegeria marinasp. nov. (type strain ZH17T=CGMCC 1.9108T=JCM 16262T) is proposed.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, coccoid bacterium, strain E4A9T, was isolated from a deep-sea sediment sample collected from the East Pacific polymetallic nodule region. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate was related to the type strain of Altererythrobacter epoxidivorans (96.0% sequence similarity). Lower 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were observed with other members of the genera Altererythrobacter (94.7%), Erythrobacter (94.0-95.4%), Erythromicrobium (94.8%) and Porphyrobacter (94.6-95.1%) of the family Erythrobacteraceae. Phylogenetic analysis including all described species of the family Erythrobacteraceae and several members of the family Sphingomonadaceae revealed that the isolate formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage with the family Erythrobacteraceae. Chemotaxonomic analysis revealed ubiquinone-10 as the predominant respiratory quinone, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C14:0 and iso-C15:0 as major fatty acids, and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipid. The DNA G+C content was 71.5 mol%. The isolate contained carotenoids, but no bacteriochlorophyll a. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data presented in this study, strain E4A9T represents a novel species in a new genus in the family Erythrobacteraceae for which the name Croceicoccus marinus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is E4A9T (=CGMCC 1.6776T=JCM 14846T).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CN85(T), was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the East China Sea and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. This isolate grew in the presence of 0.5-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl and at 20-40 degrees C; optimum growth was observed with 3 % (w/v) NaCl and at 35 degrees C. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that Q-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone and that iso-C(15 : 0), iso-C(11 : 0) 3-OH, iso-C(17 : 1)omega9c, iso-C(17 : 0), iso-C(11 : 0) and C(16 : 0) were the major fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 57.8 mol%. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was affiliated to the genus Microbulbifer. Strain CN85(T) exhibited most phylogenetic affinity with respect to the type strain of Microbulbifer maritimus (97.0 % sequence similarity) and showed less than 97 % sequence similarity with respect to other described Microbulbifer species with known 16S rRNA gene sequences. The DNA-DNA hybridization between strain CN85(T) and M. maritimus JCM 12187(T) was 44 %. On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, strain CN85(T) represents a novel species of the genus Microbulbifer, for which the name Microbulbifer donghaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CN85(T) (=CGMCC 1.7063(T) =JCM 15145(T)).

A Gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, moderately halophilic bacterial strain, HS225(T), was isolated from seawater samples around the Zhoushan Archipelago, Zhejiang Province, China. The isolate grew optimally in media with 5.0 % NaCl, at pH 7.0-8.0 and at 25-30 degrees C. The predominant fatty acids were C(16 : 0)omega9c, C(16 : 0), C(12 : 0) 3-OH and C(18 : 1)omega9c. The genomic DNA G+C content was 59.0 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was found to be affiliated to the genus Marinobacter. Strain HS225(T) exhibited closest phylogenetic affinity to Marinobacter koreensis DD-M3(T) (98.1 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). DNA-DNA relatedness data and DNA G+C contents as well as physiological and biochemical test results allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain HS225(T) from closely related species. Therefore, it is proposed that strain HS225(T) represents a novel species of the genus Marinobacter, for which the name Marinobacter pelagius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HS225(T) (=CGMCC 1.6775(T) =JCM 14804(T)).

Three strains of Gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic and halophilic bacteria were isolated from samples of a salt lake on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and a subterranean saline well in the Si-Chuan Basin of China. These isolates, designated AJ275T, AJ282Tand ZG16T, were investigated using a polyphasic approach. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolates could be affiliated to the genusHalomonas. Genomic DNA G+C contents were 65.9 mol% for AJ275T, 56.7 mol% for AJ282Tand 57.6 mol% for ZG16T. The results of DNA–DNA hybridizations, fatty acid analysis and physiological and biochemical tests allowed the isolates to be differentiated genotypically and phenotypically from closely related species. It is proposed that strains AJ275T(=CGMCC 1.6493T=JCM 14606T=LMG 23976T), AJ282T(=CGMCC 1.6494T=JCM 14607T=LMG 23978T) and ZG16T(=CGMCC 1.6495T=JCM 14608T=LMG 23977T) represent the type strains of three novel species in the genusHalomonas:Halomonas saccharevitanssp. nov.,Halomonas arcissp. nov. andHalomonas subterraneasp. nov., respectively.

Three strains of Gram-negative, aerobic, neutrophilic, extremely halophilic archaea, designated ZJ206T, ZJ203 and ZJ204, were isolated from a solar saltern in Zhe-Jiang Province, China. Phenotypically and on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, the strains were very similar. Comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed 96.4–97.4 % sequence similarity to members of the genus Haloferax. The major polar lipids were C20C20 derivatives of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester, diglycosyl glycerol diether and sulfated diglycosyl diether. The DNA G+C content of strain ZJ206T was 62.2 mol%. The results of DNA–DNA hybridizations and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the isolates from closely related species. Therefore the isolates should be classified as members of a novel species, for which the name Haloferax larsenii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is ZJ206T (=CGMCC 1.5347T=JCM 13917T).