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The aim of the study was to estimate the forage quality and mycotoxin contamination in the locality of Švýcárna (1304 m a.s.l.), where the cattle grazing after the long-term management cessation was introduced on the pasture area of 3.6 ha in 2012. The pasture was divided into two grazing plots: P1 (Nar) (dominance of Nardus stricta) and P2 (Des) (dominance of Deschampsia cespitosa). Samples of forage were taken in June, July, August and September 2014 and 2015 from five permanent plots situated in different places of locality. Samples were analysed on the content of basic nutrients and macro- and micro- elements. Further, the content of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2/HT-2 toxin was determined using ELISA method. From June to September the mean content of crude fibre significantly (P < 0.05) increased (from 243.9 g.kg−1 DM to 331.7 g.kg−1 DM, respectively) and the content of crude protein significantly (P < 0.05) decreased (from 166.9 g.kg−1 DM to 89.2 g.kg−1 DM, respectively). Mean concentration of DON in P1 (Nar) was numerically higher than in P2 (Des), being 715 and 620.63 µg.kg−1, respectively (P < 0.05). Mean concentration of T-2/HT-2 toxin was 44.88 and 55.04 µg.kg−1 in P1 (Nar) and P2 (Des), respectively. The content of ZEA in P1 (Nar) of 54.65 µg.kg−1 was lower than in P2 (Des) being 78.72 µg.kg−1 (P < 0.05).

The effects of different levels of grazing utilization (two, three and four grazing cycles per year) and mineral fertilization (nil-fertilization; N100P30K60) on the botanical composition of permanent grasslands were studied in the locality of Rapotín (Czech Republic, 332 m a.s.l.) from 2003–2010. The vegetation of the experimental pasture was classified as Cynosurion. It was found that moderate treatment (three grazing cycles per year) without mineral fertilization showed the highest value of diversity index (DI = 6.08), and maximum dominance of legumes (Dmax = 9.1%), particularly Trifolium repens. The highest dominance of grasses (Dmax = 77.7%), mainly Dactylis glomerata and Elytrigia repens, was achieved with the fertilized treatment utilized in two grazing cycles per year. Based on RDA results, tested management treatments explained 26% of species composition variability, where effect of number of grazing cycles per year was five-times higher than effect of fertilization. We recommend grassland utilization in three grazing cycles per year as the most suitable way from the objective of both species diversity and botanical composition of pastures in similar site conditions. Pasture fertilization should be more controlled by careful consideration of individual pasture goals, actual nutrient status of the soil and possible environmental risks.

The approach to working capital management significantly affects the performance of companies. Nevertheless, this effect varies depending on the observed industry and company’s size and it may be assumed that it is also dependent on territory differences. The paper presents an empirical research aiming to identify particular links between net working capital and costs of the company. The outcomes indicate a relatively strong positive correlation between the variables, especially in case of inventory. Furthermore he ratio of financial costs to ordinary costs is low, as well as the impact of net working capital components on financial costs. It follows that a focus on collection period would not lead to significant savings. The findings appropriately complement Czech and foreign literature focused more on impact of net working capital or working capital on profitability indicators. Further studies concerning a more detailed analysis of the influence of net working capital on corporate costs are difficult to be found. The present research has been conducted on medium-sized companies located in the Czech Republic and manufacturing machinery and equipment. The obtained results suggest the most suitable area of focus for optimization of working capital in relation to costs for the types of companies defined above.

The objective of this research was to investigate occurrence of common couch grass (Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski) under different grassland management by means of a small-plot trial. The trial was managed during 2003–2011 with four levels of utilisation: intensive (4 cuts per year, 1st cut on 15 May), medium intensive (3 cuts per year, 1st cut on 30 May), low intensive (2 cuts per year, 1st cut on 15 June), and extensive (2 cuts per year, 1st cut on 30 June). Four rates of fertilisation were applied for each utilisation treatment: nil-fertilisation, P30K60, N90P30K60, and N180P30K60 (pure nutrients). The intensively utilised treatments without N fertilisation showed the lowest mean percentage cover of couch (3.0 %, and 2.8 %, respectively). Further, we found a significant increase in couch grass cover (up to about 30 %) as a response to nitrogen fertilisation and it was most significant in grasslands utilised with two cuts per year. It can be concluded that grassland utilisation in three cuts per year and the dose 90 kg.ha−1 of nitrogen led to the maintenance of the occurrence of couch at the reasonable level up to 10–15 %.

In 2003–2005 it was solved the issue about the nutrient balance in the permanent grasslands of Research Institute for Cattle Breeding Rapotín. In trial it was used these types of utilization: 1. Intensive – 4 cuts per year (1st cut up to 15th May, every next after 45 days), 2. Medium intensive – 3 cuts per year (1st cut from 16th to 31st May, every next after 60 days), 3. Low intensive – 2 cuts per year (1st cut up to 15th June, 2nd after 90 days), 4. Extensive – 2 cuts per year (1st cut from 16th to 30th June, 2nd after 90 days). There were following variants of the fertilization: A – no fertilization, B – P:K 30:60 kg.ha – 1, C – N:P:K 90:30:60 kg.ha – 1, D – N:P:K 180:30:60 kg.ha – 1. There was the considerable reaction of the permanent grassland on the nutrient application. The highest value of the coefficient of the neutral efficiency was by the fertilization N:P:K 90:30:60 kg of the pure nutrients. By the most of the variants we have noticed the negative nitrogen balance. The negative balance of the phosphorous was marked only by the unfertilized variants. All variants of the permanent grassland utilization had the negative potassium balance. The utilization had the significant influence (P0.01) to all observed indicators. The year had the significant influence too. From the point of view of the rational plant nutrition and of the environment protection from the contamination (especially from the nitrates) it appears as the most advisable the medium intensive type of the utilization with nitrogen dose: N:P:K 90:30:60.

In 2003 and 2004 was carried out the energy analysis of the different types of permanent grassland utilization on the Hrubý Jeseník locality. There were estimated values of the particular entrances of additional energy. Energy entrances moved according to the pratotechnologies from 2.17 GJ. ha–1 to 22.70 GJ.ha–1. The biggest share on energy entrances had fertilizers. It was 84.93% by the nitrogen fertilisation. The most energy benefit of brutto and nettoenergy was marked by the low intensive utilisation (33.40 GJ.ha–1 NEL and 32.40 GJ.ha–1 NEV on average). The highest value of energy efficiency (13.23%) was marked by the low intensive utilization of permanent grassland. By using of higher doses of industrial fertilizers has energy efficiency decreased. From view of energy benefit and intensiveness on energy entrances it appears the most available utilisation of permanent grassland with three cuts per year (first cut on May 31st at the latest, every next after 60 days) or two cuts per year (first cut on July 15th, next cuts after 90 days).