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BACKGROUND: Although ultrasonography was introduced into Obstetrics and Gynaecology by a British Gynaecologist over five decades ago, the requirement for formal training in its use by gynecologists in Nigeriais just beginning to catch on, despite its indispensible role in various aspects of our clinical practice.OBJECTIVE: To describe the role of ultrasonography in in-vitro fertilization and the indispensability of the instrument to reproductive medicine.METHOD: A review of literature written in English language on the use and application of ultrasonography in in-vitro fertilization was done. The review covered articles published between 1980-2012.RESULTS: Ultrasound is the most versatile method for pre-treatment assessment in IVF being the dominant instrument for assessing ovarian reserve, pelvic pathologies and for assessing the uterine cavity. Theability of ultrasonography to measure endometrial thickness in addition to detecting uterine masses gives it an edge over laparoscopy/hysteroscopy as a diagnostic procedure in uterine cavity assessment, although hysteroscopy has the advantage of therapeutic potential. Similarly, ultrasonography is superior to biochemical methods for follicular monitoring because of its ability to demonstrate the number and sizes of follicles, and guide preparations for oocyte retrieval. The relative easeof ultrasound guided oocyte retrieval; its less technical demands and the possibility of conducting the procedure under local anaesthesia have made ultrasound guided oocyte retrieval more popular across the world.Randomized controlled trials show that ultrasoundguided transfer techniques have better outcomes than the clinical touch technique in terms of on-going pregnancies and clinical pregnancies. Ultrasonographyis now the key instrument for diagnosing and monitoring pregnancy following embryo transfer, biochemical methods being complimentary.CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography is now the single most important instrument in in-vitro fertilization programmes and gynaecologists with interest in reproductive medicine need necessarily to obtain a formal training in its use.KEY WORDS: ultrasonography, in-vitro fertilization, infertility, assisted reproduction technology

BACKGROUND: Majority of Paediatric HIV/AIDS are from infected mothers and adequate prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is a critical factor in the control of paediatric HIV/AIDS. Success of PMTCT strategies will require a high level of acceptability of these strategies by pregnant women.METHODS: A cross sectional descriptive study of the impact of health education on the awareness of strategies for PMTCT was undertaken using interviewer administered questionnaire on antenatal women recruited from three health institutions in Enugu.RESULTS: A total of 150 antenatal clients were studied. Their mean age was 29.9 + 4.0. Ninety four point seven percent (94.7%) were married and 60% of them had post secondary education. There was high level of awareness and acceptability of PMTCT measures amongst the respondents. Out of the 150 respondents, 123 (82.0%) identified correctly the meaning of HIV, 140 (93.3%) were aware it can affect the newborn, 105 (75%) knew how it is transmitted and 135 (90.0%) had awareness that we can prevent mother to child transmission of HIV. 130 (86.6%) of the respondents would accept some measures for PMTCT. Awareness that HIV can affect new born increased from 140 (93.3%) to 145 (96.7%) following health education while those who would accept PMTCT measures increased from 130(86.6%) to 146 (97.3%). These increases were statistically significant (P