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Background: Penetrating neck injury is a major trauma mechanism present in about 5%–10% of trauma patients with an estimated mortality of 3%–10%. The management of these injuries is dependent on the anatomical level of injury. Objectives:The objective of the study was to document the clinical and operative findings as well as the treatment outcome among our patients who underwent neck exploration for penetrating neck injuries.Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of patients who had neck exploration for penetrating neck injury between January 2012 and December 2018 was done. Results:Thirty-five patients all of whom had surgical neck exploration were included. The age ranged from 15 to 62 years with a male: female of 7.8:1. The mean age was 30.7 years with standard deviation of ± 12.5 years and the peak age of occurrence of 20–29 years. The mechanism of injury was commonly arrow injury in 9 (25.7%) and suicidal cutthroat in 7 (20%) patients. Thirty-two (91.4%) patients presented with stable vital signs. Zone II neck injuries were most prevalent, seen in 23 (65.7%) patients. Laryngeal injury in 7 (20%) and soft-tissue injury in 7 (20%) of the patients were the most common intraoperative findings. The complication rate of 17.1% with a mortality rate of 2.9% was recorded. There was a statistically significant association between the presence of vascular injury and the development of complications after exploration (Chi-square = 5.666,P= 0.017). It was also a significant positive predictor of complication following neck exploration (odds ratio = 0.017,P = 0.048). Conclusion:Male young adults were most involved, commonly from arrow and stab injuries. Although laryngeal and soft-tissue injuries were predominant, vascular injuries were most associated with postoperative complications.

Adenotonsillar hypertrophy is one of the most common childhood disorder that necessitates presentation to the ear nose and throat specialist. The disorder may be managed conservatively or by surgery.To highlight the clinical presentation and surgical treatment outcome of patients managed for adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy at Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria.The case records of patients managed for adenoid and tonsil hypertrophy were reviewed from January 2013 to December 2017 at the Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery Ahmadu Bello University Teaching hospital Zaria, - Northwestern Nigeria. Case notes with incomplete information and /or missing pages were excluded. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (for windows, version 23).There were 56 (55.4%) males and 45 (44.6%) females with male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Their ages ranged from 2-16 years with a mean and standard deviation of 4.0 and 3.2 respectively. The most common symptom at presentation was snoring 85 (84.2%) followed by rhinorrhea 81(80.2%). Findings from the radiologic investigations revealed that majority of the patients had severely narrowed nasopharyngeal air column 83(82,2%) Adenotonsillectomy was the most common surgery performed on most of the patients 63(62.4%) who presented with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Majority of the patients 95(94.1%) had resolution of symptoms within the period of follow up. Four (4.0%) of them had recurrent adenoidal growth.Snoring, rhinorrhea and mouth breathing were the most common symptoms of adenotonsillar hypertrophy. The outcome of adenotonsillar surgeries in our patients is good, with the majority having resolution of symptoms.

Primary malignant salivary gland tumours are uncommon among the paediatric population, accounting for

Background: Effective and prompt intervention following an episode of cardiac arrest increases survival probability. This underscores the need for basic life support (BLS) training among first‑line health‑care workers. This study assesses the impact of BLS training among final‑year medical students in a Nigerian institution. Materials and Methods: Pre‑ and Post‑BLS training questionnaires aimed at assessing knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were administered to 72 final‑year medical students. Response to 20 questions were scored (total score 20), collated, and analyzed. Knowledge was graded as good if total score was 15 and above and poor if total score was

Background Malignant ureteric obstruction is often associated with end-stage cancer arising from the cervix, bladder, prostate and other pelvic organs. We reviewed palliative therapeutic options and outcome of patients with bilateral malignant ureteric obstruction at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH). Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Data from patients managed by the Urology division of JUTH for patients with bilateral ureteric obstruction of malignant cause over a period of 10 years were reviewed. Patients’ age, cause of malignant ureteric obstruction and types of interventions carried out were extracted. In addition, mean serum creatinine level at presentation and one-month post intervention were analysed. The overall patient survival over a 6-month period was evaluated. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23. Result 24 patients managed within the period of the study had complete data for analysis. The age range was 43-73years with a median of 49 years. Majority (79.2%) of patients were female. 54.2% of the patients had open nephrostomy. Retrograde ureteric stent insertion (16.6%) and permanent haemodialysis (29.2%) were the other palliative management options. Open nephrostomy offered the most significant improvement in biochemical outcome at one-month post intervention (P = 0.039). 41.6% of patients were alive at 6 months post intervention. None of the treatment options conferred survival advantage over the others. Conclusion Open nephrostomy is the most common palliative management option for patients with bilateral malignant ureteric obstruction at JUTH and achieves the most significant biochemical improvement. No palliative management option conferred superior survival outcome among the patients.

Despite the global burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the experience of intubation and mechanical ventilation among severely ill COVID-19 varies worldwide. This study shares our experience on mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients admitted into the intensive care unit of an isolation and treatment center of Federal Medical Center Katsina, North-western Nigeria. The clinical data obtained from a review of patient’s medical record and folder include clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory findings, treatment and outcome. All the patients were males with ages ranging from 47 to 89 years. All the patients had severe disease with fever and difficulty with breathing being the most common presenting symptoms. All the patients were mechanically ventilated for a period spanning 1–5 days. There was a 75% case‑fatality rate. This study showed that a few critically ill patients with COVID‑19 in developing countries such as Nigeria may benefit from mechanical ventilation. The most common indication for mechanical ventilation among COVID-19 patients during the period of the survey was acute respiratory distress syndrome. Comorbidities are associated with a high mortality rate.

Background: Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) emergencies constitute a significant presentation at the pediatric emergency room worldwide. Often times, the management of these emergencies may be challenging, especially if the appropriate instruments/expertise are not available. Objectives: This study aims to present our experience in the management of pediatric ENT emergencies. Methodology: The record of pediatric patients managed for otorhinolaryngologic emergencies over 3 years between January 2015 and December 2017 was reviewed. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved and analyzed using the Statistical Product and Service Solution version 23.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: A total of 402 emergencies were reviewed. There were 206 (51.2%) boys and 196 (48.8%) girls with male-to-female sex ratio of 1.05:1 and mean age ± SD of 4.86 ± 3.9 years. Acute otitis media was the most common otologic pediatric emergency, accounting for 102 (25.4%). Ear foreign bodies (FBs) were the second most common otologic condition seen in 48 (11.9%) children. Nasal FBs were the most common pediatric nasal emergencies seen in 74 (18.4%) children. Obstructive adenoiditis was the most common throat condition in this study accounting for 37 (9.2%). There was a significant association between patient's ages and outcomes. Age

Introduction: Nigeria has one of the highest proportions of cases of HIV/AIDS globally. This burden is more pronounced in the younger population which includes secondary school students (SSS). We set out to determine the level of family communication among SSS in Zaria metropolis. Subjects and Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study among 73 randomly selected students. Data were obtained with a semi-structured, pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to present data at the univariate level while Chi-square or Fisher's exact test was employed to identify the relationship between non-numeric variables with a 5% level of significance. Results: The mean age (± standard deviation) was 16.1 ± 1.1 years. Majority have heard 60 (82.2%) and have good knowledge 55 (75.3%) of family communication. There was an overall positive attitude as 44 (60.3%) believe it helps prevent HIV/AIDS and 57 (78.1%) believe it is very important and should be encouraged. Most (57 [78.1%]) have had family communication, with mother as the preferred partner 49 (86%). HIV/AIDS (44 [77.2%]) was the major issue discussed. We out that found the knowledge of family communication was significantly associated with its practice (P = 0.018). Conclusion: Awareness, knowledge, attitude, and practice of family communication were good among respondents. Father's educational level and knowledge of family communication were significantly associated with its practice among respondents. More studies are required to evaluate the determinants of the practice of family communication.

Background: Neoplasms both benign and malignant are the most common indications for parotidectomy. About 70%–80% of all salivary gland tumours are located in the parotid gland with up to 80% being benign. Parotidectomy is a common surgical procedure performed by the otorhinolaryngologist and oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Aims: This study aimed to document our experience on parotid gland surgeries, and occurrence of facial nerve palsy. Materials and Methods: The records of all patients that had parotidectomy between January 2014 and December 2018 were evaluated. Demographic, clinical and operative data were retrieved and analysed using Statistical Product and Service Solution version 23.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). Results: A total of 34 cases were reviewed and there were 12 (35.3%) males and 22 (64.7%) females with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.8 and mean age ± standard deviation of 39.3 ± 18.4 years. Patients with primary disease constituted the majority 29 (85.3%) in this series. Most of them (26, 76.5%) had superficial parotidectomy. Cervicomastoidfacial incision was the most preferred incision employed among 33 (97.1%) of our patients. Complication following surgery was observed in 12 (35.3%) patients. Majority, 7 (63.6%), had temporary facial nerve paresis. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common histological diagnosis noted in 19 (55.9%) patients postoperatively. There is a statistically significant association between fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings and final histological diagnosis. Conclusion: Pre-operative FNAC could be a reliable tool in the evaluation of our patients being prepared for parotidectomy even in our resource-poor setting.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem. End-stage renal disease (ESRD), represents the final stage of CKD and is best treated by Kidney Transplantation. However Kidney Transplantation in Sub-Saharan Africa is beset by a myriad of problems. Objective(s): To identify the limitations to kidney transplantation as the preferred option for treatment of ESRD among patients on maintenance haemodialysis at a tertiary-care hospital in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire based descriptive, cross-sectional hospital-based study carried out in the dialysis unit of the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria over a 6 months period, from June to December,2015 Results: A total of 39 patients were enrolled for the study.The mean age of the patients was 45.7 ± 14.6 years. There were 25(64.1%) male and 14(35.9%) female. Financial constraint was the main reason limiting kidney transplantation in 66.7% majority of the patients. Five patients (12.8%) were medically unfit either due to advanced age or presence of comorbidities while 3 (7.7%) patients could not find a compatible donor.Other reasons given for not having had kidney transplant include religious belief,and a previously failed kidney transplant. Conclusion: Whereas awareness of kidney transplantation is high among patients with ESRD on maintenance haemodialysis, financial constraint remains the main hindrance to kidney transplantation among patients with End Stage Renal Disease in our setting. Keywords: Kidney transplantation;Haemodialysis.

BACKGROUND:Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the current gold standard for the operative management of symptomatic Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and has excellent long term efficacy. Currently there is a gradual shift towards bipolar TURP and Holmium enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) due to fear of complications, particularly transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome associated with monopolar TURP. However, bipolar generator and high powered holmium laser resectoscpe remain very expensive and make the bipolar TURP/HoLEP out of reach for majority of our patients.This study seeks to review our experience with monopolar TURP with a view to appraising its outcomes and complications seen in our patients.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Records of 42 patients, who underwent monopolar TURP for BPH between October, 2013 and September, 2016 were reviewed retrospectively.The data of patients who had undergone monopolar TURP,following standardized technique,were retrieved and subjected to statistical analysis.RESULTS:The mean age of the 42 patients was 67.07±9.38 (range 51 – 86).Those in the age range 60-69 years had most of the procedure.The mean prostate volume was 70±23.74 (ml);the mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 5.32±5.4ng/ml. All the patients had spinal anaesthesia.The mean intraoperative time was 71.05±19.07 (mins), while the mean hospital stay for the patients was 61.14±27.13 (hrs).The mean volume of 5% dextrose-water used for irrigation at surgery was 30L.Most of the patients,33(78.6%) had their catheters removed at 3-5 postoperative days. Only, 9(21.4%) had catheter for more than 5 days.The mean weight of resected prostatic chips was 29±9.2g. Intraoperatively, 1(2.4%) patient had bleeding that needed blood transfusion, 6(14.3%) had capsular perforations while none of our patients had TUR syndrome. Postoperatively, 3(7.2%) patients had clot retention while 2(4.8%) had UTI and 32(76%) had retrograde ejaculation. All patients except 1(2.4%) had satisfactory voiding at removal of catheter and subsequent follow up visits.CONCLUSION: Improved antibiotics, perioperative care and instrumentation have greatly improved the morbidity of modern monopolar TURP and make it still useful for our patients.KEY WORDS: TURP, BPH,Prostatectomy

Background: COVID-19, a zoonotic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, is responsible for the pandemic of 2020. Despite the availability and usefulness of chest radiographs (CXR) in diagnosis and monitoring of suspected as well as infected patients with COVID-19, there is paucity of studies about imaging findings in COVID-19 from Sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria. Aim: This study aims to describe the findings and correlates of chest radiographic appearances in COVID-19 pneumonia at Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at radiology units of four radiology diagnostic facilities that were very active during the peak period of the pandemic in Kano metropolis. All patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection and also underwent chest radiographic examinations at these facilities were included. The findings considered in the evaluation were the presence or absence and the type of pulmonary or pleural lesions/abnormality, and their distribution; including their association with demographics and clinical presentations. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. Results: Of 125 patients, 98 (78.4%) were male. The mean age was 57.3 ± 12 years. One hundred and one (80.8%) of them had abnormal chest radiographic findings. These patients showed significant higher occurrences of anosmia than those with normal CXRs (P

Background: Sinonasal neoplasia comprises approximately 3% of all head-and-neck tumors. However, the incidence of these tumors may be greater in some parts of the world including Asia and Africa. Aim and Objective: The study aimed to review the clinical and histopathological pattern of sinonasal neoplasms in Kano, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The records of patients managed for sinonasal neoplasia at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, over a period of 10 years were reviewed. Information obtained from the case files included demographic characteristics, tumor characteristics, and clinical information. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: A total of 245 patients were reviewed with sinonasal neoplasms. Among these, 168 (68.57%) were males, with a sex ratio (M:F) of 2.18:1. The mean age was 40.2 ± 18.9 years. Malignant sinonasal neoplasm constituted 55.92%% of the sinonasal neoplasia, with peak age at the fifth decade. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histological subtypes seen in 50.36% of the patients. Inverted papilloma was the most common benign sinonasal neoplasia (42.59%). The most common symptom presented by the patients was nasal obstruction (77.55%), mostly presented within 6 months of onset of symptoms (63.67%), and farmers were the predominant (27.76%). The most common treatment modality was surgical extirpation (54%), and most of the patients presented with Stage IV disease (88%). The site of tumor was found to statistically correlate with the type of tumor among the patients (P ≤ 0.0001), whereas the type of tumor and site of tumor correlated significantly with the duration of symptoms before the presentation. Conclusion: Malignant sinonasal disease is the predominant sinonasal neoplasm in this environment, and most of the patients presented with advanced disease.

Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast is extremely rare but what is rarer is its occurrence in adolescent girls younger than 18 years. It has a propensity for rapid growth and metastases. We present an uncommon presentation of recurrent and metastatic malignant phyllodes tumor in a 17-year-old female.

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be a debilitating illness with major socioeconomic costs and decreased workplace productivity. Till date, paranasal sinus (PNS) radiography continues to be the primary imaging modality for diagnosing CRS in most developing countries. Computed tomography (CT) scan – the gold standard imaging modality is either unavailable or unaffordable in these regions. Aim: The aim of this study is to compare plain radiographic and CT scan findings of the PNSs in adults with CRS. Subjects and Methods: After initial clinical evaluation and rhinoscopy, consenting patients were assessed using both plain radiography (PR) and direct coronal CT scan of the PNSs. Results: One hundred and eighteen (68 males and 50 females) adults with a mean age of 39.4 years were involved in this study. The percentage agreement between PR and CT for sinus abnormalities was