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Background: Nocturnal enuresis or bedwetting is the most common type of urinary incontinence in children. The wide prevalence of nocturnal enuresis speaks to the need for an improved understanding of this condition by others to improve the management plan. The management can be motivationally or pharmacologically. Our study aimed to evaluate the management outcomes of primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis among Sudanese children. Methods: A retrospective hospital-based survey was carried to assess 52 children aged 5–18 years (21:31 male: female ratio) and suffering from primary mono-symptomatic nocturnal enuresis. They divided into two groups; Group 1 (28 patients) were on desmopressin melt tablet 120 mcg once daily before bedtime, while Group 2 (24 patients) were on simple behavioral therapy. Data were collected by a well-designed checklist and analyzed using SPSS. Results: The wetting frequency decreased at the end of treatment by a total response rate of 96.4% with desmopressin and 75% with simple behavioral therapy. The complete response and partial response rate of desmopressin at the end of treatment were 89.3% and 7.1%, respectively. For simple behavioral therapy, the complete response and partial response rates at the end of treatment were 66.7% and 8.3%, respectively. The number of wet night per week at the end of 2 weeks of treatment among the two groups was statistically significant, with P = 0.025. Moreover, the relapse rate was higher with simple behavioral therapy (66.7%) than with desmopressin (57.1%). Conclusion: There is a highly significant decrease in wet nights in response to both desmopressin and simple behavioral therapy, both interventions were effective, desmopressin showed higher efficacy and associated with less relapse rate.

Background: Patient counseling is an integral part of the pharmacy services provided in community pharmacies, and it can be used as a tool to determine the quality of health care. This study aimed to evaluate the community pharmacists' counseling services and determine patients' satisfaction toward these services. Methodology: This study was a descriptive, community-based cross-sectional study in the Sudanese population from March 2020 to June 2020. One thousand nine participants responded to the questionnaire. A convenience sampling method was used to collect the data. Data were collected using an online predesigned standardized questionnaire and then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: It was found that most of the participants (78.4%) were from urban areas. The majority of the participants (84.8%) completed their education until the university level, and 82% of the respondents were aged between 18 and 29 years. Females were 57.1%, and 50.5% of the participants work in the medical field. About 60% (59.9%) of them have never been asked if they had an allergy to certain drugs when they visited the pharmacy and 81.6% did not receive any information about what to do if they missed a dose, whereas 71.6% have never been told about the possible side effects of the drugs they are prescribed. The average score of satisfaction among the participants was 18.24 ± 3.953. It was found that 32.1% and 11.8% of the people involved in the study were satisfied and very satisfied with the pharmacist's counseling services, respectively. Chi-square test revealed that opinion/feedback about the pharmacist and his services was significantly associated with gender, residence, and working in the medical field. Conclusion: More than two-thirds of the participants reported positive feedback toward the community pharmacists and their services. Patient satisfaction was significantly associated with gender, residence, and working in the medical field. Opinion/feedback about the pharmacist and his services was significantly associated with gender, residence, and working in the medical field.

Background: New onset diabetes after renal transplant (NODAT) is a serious complication of therapy with immunosuppressive drugs. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of NODAT and its association with immunosuppressant regimens within 6 months of the administration. Methodology: A descriptive retrospective case finding hospital-based study, conducted in the department of nephrology at Ahmed Gasim Hospital from January to September 2017, on patients who underwent renal transplantation between June 2015 and June 2016. The data were collected using a structured checklist. The collected data were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 110 patients were included, the majority of studied patients were males (71.8%) and in the age group of 20–40 years (50.9%). The most commonly prescribed immunosuppressant regimen was regimen, which consists of methylprednisolone as induction therapy and tacrolimus + azathioprine + prednisolone as maintenance therapy. Regarding the adverse effects, 11 (10%) of them developed NODAT throughout 6 months after transplantation. However, no significant association was found between the postulated risk factors and the incidence of NODAT. Conclusion: The incidence of NODAT was 10% throughout 6 months after transplantation. Correlations between sociodemographic characteristics, immunosuppressant regimens, episodes of rejection with the incidence of NODAT were found statistically insignificant.

Background: On March 11, 2020, the WHO has declared that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic infection. People's commitment to the recommended control measures is generally affected by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) concerning COVID-19; hence, this study aimed to assess the KAPs of university students in Sudan regarding COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This was an online descriptive cross-sectional study, performed between April and June 2020 among Sudanese students enrolled in 10 universities in Khartoum state. The study was conducted using an online questionnaire designed in Arabic. The sample size in this study was 657 students. Data were collected by a convenience sampling method and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: More than 60% of the participants were females, around two-thirds (68.1%) aged between 18 and 23 years. More than 81% of the participants live in urban areas; approximately two-fifth (59.5%) of them were medical students. About 59% of the participants have sufficient knowledge. Twenty-two percent of the participants reported a positive attitude, while 71% of them reported a fair attitude, and only 3.8% reported a negative attitude. Nearly 94% of them do not go out of home, and 95% do use disinfectants, solutions, and face masks to prevent contacting and spreading COVID-19. Knowledge was significantly associated with age, gender, study level, being medical or nonmedical students, attending online lectures or webinars about COVID-19, and educational level, while attitude was significantly associated with gender. Conclusion: More than half of the participants had sufficient knowledge, and the minority of them had a negative attitude toward COVID-19, while most of them had a good practice. Gender and attending online lectures or webinars about COVID-19 were the predictors for participant's knowledge.