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Microalbuminuria is a well-established, strong, and independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Patients with microalbuminuria are also said to have a higher atherosclerotic load in the form of multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) than those who do not. In this study, we tried to correlate microalbuminuria with the severity of CAD. In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with CAD diagnosed on the basis of coronary angiography were enrolled from August 2019 to August 2021. Triple-vessel CAD was observed in 79.4% of cases with the presence of microalbuminuria compared with 3% of cases without microalbuminuria. The association of microalbuminuria with the severity of disease was statistically significant (P <0.01). A significant correlation was observed between microalbuminuria and the Framingham risk score in cases of CAD (P <0.01), which was a measure of the 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease., (Copyright © 2023 Copyright: © 2023 Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation.)

Introduction: Obesity, defined on the basis of anthropometric measures is a global epidemic and threatening to healthy population worldwide. A research from China among young adults (20--44 years) recorded six and two times the risk of hypertension (HTN) in individuals who were obese and overweight, respectively, relative to normal weight individuals. This study highlights about anthropometric indices and its association with HTN among young medical students at rural medical college., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1,000 medical students had been enrolled. Anthropometric indices like body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), neck circumference (NC) as per South East Asian guidelines were measured in all students., Results: Among young medical students, the prevalence of obesity defined by BMI, WC, WHR, and NC was 46.5%, 32.4%, 57.3%, and 8.4%. Among males, there was significant positive correlation of BMI with SBP ( P < 0.0001) and DBP ( P < 0.0001), whereas WC ( P < 0.0001) and WHR ( P = 0.012) had positive and significant correlation with SBP but not with DBP. Correlation of NC with SBP and DBP was negative but did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.266 and P = 0.670, respectively). Among females, there was significant positive correlation of BMI with SBP ( P < 0.0001) and DBP ( P < 0.0001), WC had significant positive correlation with SBP ( P < 0.0001,) and DBP ( P < 0.0001). Correlation of WHR was significant with DBP ( P = 0.002) but not with SBP ( P = 0.055)., Conclusion: The prevalence of HTN in this study was 9.8% in young medical students overall and varies according to anthropometric indices. The prevalence rate varies in males and females depending on the anthropometric measures., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Background: The anemia not only negatively affects physical function but also the cognition, mood, and quality of life in adult patients due to hypoxic condition as per its severity. This study has been planned to investigate the cross-section association of anemia with cognitive function in neurologically intact patients., Methods: In this study, a total 200 subjects were enrolled out of which 100 were cases and 100 age and sex matched controls. Mini-mental status examination (MMSE) and short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ) scales were used to assess cognition in all the subjects., Results: This study showed that there was a significant correlation between the anemia and the cognitive skills in the neurologically intact patients., Conclusion: The cognitive functions were strongly related to hemoglobin levels as seen by low MMSE score and higher SPMSQ error in those with low hemoglobin levels compared with those with higher hemoglobin levels., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2019 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.)

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients experience a progressive deterioration and disability leading to worsening of their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and functional exercise capacity. We performed this study to identify the correlation of HRQoL assessed by St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and the functional exercise capacity assessed by the six-minute walk test (6MWT) with severity of COPD defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria among spirometry-confirmed COPD patients, admitted in a tertiary care rural hospital., Materials and Methods: The study included 129 spirometry-confirmed COPD patients defined by the GOLD criteria from a tertiary care hospital in central India. They underwent HRQoL measurement using the disease-specific (SGRQ). Functional exercise capacity was measured by 6MWT, as per the American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines., Statistical Analysis: We analyzed the various SGRQ scores and six-minute walk distance (6MWD) percentage predicted with various stages of COPD using the Student's t-test. The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was used to assess the relationships between various SGRQ scores and 6MWD with FEV1 % predicted., Results: We found that COPD patients with GOLD III and IV, but not GOLD II, had significantly poor HRQoL measured by SGRQ, as compared to patients with mild COPD (GOLD I). An inverse linear relation was found between 6MWD and the severity of COPD. Correlation of FEV1 % predicted with various SGRQ scores varied from - 0.40 to - 0.53, with a maximum correlation of FEV1 % predicted with an SGRQ symptom score (- 0.53) and SGRQ total score (- 0.50). A strong positive correlation was found between 6MWD and FEV1 % predicted (0.57)., Conclusions: Staging COPD according to the GOLD guidelines does correspond to important differences in the HRQoL of COPD patients having severe disease, but not for mild disease, whereas, the functional exercise capacity of COPD patients deteriorates in a linear fashion with the severity of disease assessed by the GOLD staging criteria.