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Unlabelled: Cervical cancer is a serious medical and social issue as it affects women at active age and it is diagnosed too late. In Bulgaria morbidity and mortality show continuous increasing trend. The aim of this study is to compare the clinical performance of cytology and other alternative methods for cervical screening that could be used to assess the the cervix., Material and Methods: This is a prospective study which included 317 patients aged between 18 and 65 years. Women were divided into four groups: I-st--cytology, Il-nd--visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), III-th--visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI) and IV-th--spectrophotometric analysis with TruScreen®. The results showed that the most appropriate screening method for cervical cancer remains cytology. In the absence of cytological laboratory or cytopathologist spectrophotometric analysis with TruScreen® can be used for primary cervical screening. Its main advantages are that it is a real time technique, user easy and it is well accepted by women. If TruScreen is not available in the gynecologist's practice it is possible to perform visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA).

Unlabelled: The development of the fetal aorta ends with the formation of the aortic arch which normally branches into three blood vessels: 1) a. brachiocephalica (a. innominata), which divides into the right subclavian artery (RSA) and the right carotid artery; 2) the left carotid artery; and 3) the left subclavian artery. Occasionally, RSA originates as a separate fourth branch of the aortic arch, passing behind the trachea with an oblique course to the right shoulder. This rare variant is called an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) and is observed in approximately 2% of normal individuals. On the other hand, the reported incidence of ARSA varies between 25 and 37% in cases with Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities., Objective: To evaluate the success rate of ultrasound visualization of the fetal RSA between 18 and 23 weeks of gestation and to establish the importance of the prenatal diagnosis of ARSA in the risk assessment for fetal chromosomal abnormalities in the second trimester., Results: Three experienced sonographers scanned 992 fetuses in MC "Markovs", Sofia between 01.09.2013-01.06.2014 with Voluson 730 Expert (GE Healthcare) ultrasound equipment. Visualization of RSA was successful in 92.7% of cases. Overall, 17 cases with ARSA were diagnosed in the study period. ARSA was an isolated sonographic finding in 13 of them. The remaining 4 cases had additional pathology. In the first case ARSA was associated with a short femurand humerus, short nasal bone and borderline nuchal thickness without any other soft markers or structural abnormalities. Trisomy 21 was diagnosed after amniocentesis and the pregnancy was terminated at patient's request. In the second case ARSA was associated with severe polymalformation syndrome. Trisomy 18 was diagnosed by DNA analysis post abortem. In the third case ARSA was associated with an unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate. Abnormalities of the fetal karyotype and Di George syndrome were excluded by amniocentesis. The fourth case was associated with a single umbilical artery without any structural and chromosomal abnormalities. The pregnancy had a favourable perinatal outcome at term., Conclusion: Visualization of RSA and prenatal diagnosis of ARSA in the second trimester is relatively easy in experienced hands. The examination slightly prolongs the fetal morphology scan. Since there is an obvious association between ARSA and chromosomal fetal abnormalities, implementation of its sonographic evaluation in the protocol of fetal echocardiography in the second trimester is strongly recommended.

Objective: To describe the normal development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) using three-dimensional (3D) transvaginal (TV) ultrasound (US) between 7 and 10 w.g. and to compare the embryonic development visualized by 3D TV US with that of the classical embryology., Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted over a period of 10 months with high-end ultrasound equipment (Voluson 730 Expert, GE Healthcare, U.S.). Thirty six pregnant women between 7 and 10 weeks of gestation (w.g.) were examined. In all cases a high-frequency 30 TV probe was used to acquire a 3D volume of the embryo, including the cranial pole. Subsequently, the acquired volume information was post-processed and analyzed with specialized software 4D View ver. 9.1 (GE Healthcare, U.S.). The duration of the examinations was about 15 minutes., Results: Three-dimensional TV US allows adequate visualization of the embryonic CNS in accordance with the Carnegie stages from the classical embryology. In 7 w.g. it is possible to identify the diencephalon (future third ventricle), mesencephalon (future aqueductus Sylvii), rhombencephalon (future fourth ventricle), and the two hemispheres. In 8 w.g. the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricles, the fourth ventricle and the cerebellum can also be recognized. The developmental changes in the size, shape and relationship of the described structures can be progressively assessed in 9 and 10 w.g., Conclusions: Implementation of high-frequency 3D TV probes allows good visualization of the developing embryo, detailed anatomical description of all main cerebral structures, as well as adequate reconstruction of the brain ventricular system between 7 and 10 w.g. There is a good correlation between the embryonic development visualized by 3D TV U.S. and that of the classical embryology.

Spina bifida is the most common abnormality of the fetal central nervous system. Prenatal diagnosis is usually made by ultrasound in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. However, first trimester detection of spina bifida is still a challenge. A new indirect ultrasound sign of open spina bifida between 11-13 6 weeks of gestation (w.g.) has been recently described. The marker is associated with an absence of intracranial translucency (IT) in the mid-sagittal plane. We present a case report of an open spina bifida detected at 13+2 weeks of gestation with an absent IT. The main ultrasound characteristics of normal and absent IT are described. In addition, the diagnostic role of three-dimensional (3D) transvaginal ultrasound is also discussed.

Aim: To define the major sonographic findings used in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of fetal abdominal cysts in the first trimester and to establish their clinical relevance to the perinatal outcome., Methods: A prospective longitudinal study of 5 antenatally detected cases of fetal abdominal cysts between 11-14 w.g. was performed in the University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology "Maichin dom" and MC "Markovs", Sofia between Jan 2007 and Aug 2009. In all cases color flow mapping was used to differentiate the cystic structure from the fetal bladder by identifying the two umbilical arteries. All continuing pregnancies were carefully followed up sonographically at 14-16 w.g, 18-22 w.g. and 28-32 w.g., including with fetal echocardiography. Genetic amniocentesis was offered in all cases to exclude associated chromosomal abnormality. Termination of pregnancy was an option in all affected cases. Information about the perinatal outcome was ascertained by the hospital records, the referring physicians and/or the patients themselves., Results: There were 5 cases of fetal abdominal cysts diagnosed between 11-14 w.g. during the study period (2--megacystis, 3--cystic structures from the gastro-intestinal tract). In one case of megacystis the patients opted for termination of pregnancy at 15 w.g. The second affected case was a male fetus from a twin pregnancy. The patient delivered at term by Cesarean section with a subsequent surgical treatment of the newborn. In one of the remaining three cases of fetal abdominal cysts the patients opted for termination of pregnancy at 12 w.g. The other two were followed up sonographically. Eventually, a complete resolution of the cystic structure was demonstrated. Both newborns had an uneventful perinatal outcome and were delivered at term with no complications in the early neonatal period., Conclusion: Megacystis is a common fetal abdominal cyst in early pregnancy. Abdominal cysts with other origin often resolve spontaneously or remain small in the second and third trimester. Thus, they usually have a good perinatal outcome. Nevertheless, some first trimester fetal abdominal cysts can be associated with structural abnormalities or other complications from the gastrointestinal tract.

A retrospective study with 79 pregnant women was conducted. All of them were diagnosed as spontaneous abortion. The patients were separated in two group and the women have been treated in two schemes--51%--Utrogestan and 49%--Utrogestan and Profasi. The medication was applied only into the first trimester of the pregnancy. The duration of the therapy was 15.0 +/- 12.34 days. The mean gestational age in this study was 7.6 +/- 3.0 gestational weeks. Women with a first pregnancy and spontaneous abortion were excluded from the study. The number of this hormonal treated pregnancy was 2.84 +/- 1.13. 10.2% of the followed women had 3 and more than 3 miscarriages. The followed group of women was historically and clinically heterogenic. For that reason we think that many other factors could play a role in the optimum outcome of this pregnancy. The criteria for positive result we accepted the vital embryo/fetus on the time of dehospitalization. From these pregnancy only 3 terminated with miscarriage--3.79%. The rest of 96.2% went at home with intact pregnancy. The authors try to find a theoretical support for use of micronized progesterone Utrogestan--there could be some changes in the cellular and humoral immunity at repeated abortions, related to the change of the cytokine production. It could be find an ability to realize a readjustment of the endocrine system of the mother and to control the immune reaction in the fetoplacental unit.

The authors subscribe to the standpoint that a "bile path" passes in biliodigestive anastomoses along the latero-posterior surface of the right hemi-circumference of the hepato-choledochus in the area where the choledocho-digestive anastomoses are constructed. A declivage (to this "bile path" in the hepato-choledochus) supraduodenal latero-lateral choledocho-duodeno-anastomosis is suggested. It is realized through latero-posterior choledochotomy and by oblique section of the duodenum in close proximity to its external edge. The stitches of the common bile duct needle are 2-2.5 mm apart from each other and from the end of the choledochotomy orifice and those of the--3-3.5 mm apart from each other and 6-7 mm from the end of the duodenotomy orifice. The sutures pass totally through the wall of the common bile duct and serous-muscular-submucosally (mucose-muscular-seriously) thorough the duodenal wall.

After a brief review of available data in the literature on the sections for surgical approach to the cervical segment of the thoracic duct, the authors made a comparative analysis, using time-honoured objective criteria on surgery, between the universal transverse cervical section (20 operated patients) for approach to the cervical segment of the thoracic duct and the oblique cervical section which they suggest (28 operated patients) it passes along the bisector of the angle formed between the thoracic pedicle of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the upper edge of the left clavicle. It is concluded that the oblique cervical section for approach to the cervical segment of the thoracic duct is superior, with respect to accessibility and inflicted trauma.

A method is described for operative treatment of idiopathic hydrocele, which consists of tunnelling at 01 o'clock by the clock-dial to the right (11 o'clock to the left) with Payr's probe and from cupula to bottom of the space between the hydrocele sac and fascia spermatica interna and trans section of the thus created tunnel pass in the sac. Through the approach created in this way and at 180 degrees from the first incision (at 07 and respectively at 05 o'clock) from within outward a second incision of the sac is performed. The serous surface of the edges of the fenestrated openings is everted with three catgut sutures as a lapel. The method was applied on 7 patients 10 to 86 years of age. In the early postoperative period within an observation period from 3 to 19 months the characteristic and rather common complications in patients operated for hydrocele did not occur (hematocele, chylomas, which are mostly of ex vacuo type because of impaired blood supply and lymph system of the scrotum, abscesses, indurations of the scrotal and testicular tissues, relapses of the hydrocele, etc).