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The medical and social significance of diabetes mellitus is determined by a progressive increase in the incidence of the disease, as well as the development of disabling and reducing the quality of life of macro- and microvascular complications in patients of working age, in particular, with the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which develops in one third of patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. DN is the third leading cause of death after diseases of the cardiovascular system and oncological pathologies. In this regard, the identification of DN at the early stages is an important task both from the standpoint of prevention and a more favorable prognosis of the course of diabetes. This review presents data on the possibilities of early diagnosis of DN using blood and urine biomarkers, as well as information on their diagnostic and prognostic value. The analysis of the interpretation of the indicator of microalbuminuria in type 1 and 2 diabetes was carried out. In addition, the literature data of recent years on the informative value of determining markers of podocyte damage, on the role of oxidative stress products, immune-inflammatory factors, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the process of the onset and development of DN are presented. The possibility of their practical use for the diagnosis of DN in clinical practice is discussed. The literature search for this review was carried out using the databases of the RSCI, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, PubMed for the period from 2011 to 2021. using the following keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic nephropathy, markers of diabetic nephropathy; kidney damage, early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is considered one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of a whole range of diseases. Detection of specific biochemical markers in the blood is an effective way to ED diagnostics that characterize the vascular endothelium state. This review highlights the pathogenetic role of the factors synthesized by endotheliocytes whose level changes in biological fluids reflect violations of the endothelium basic physiological properties: vasomotor function, thromboresistance, angiogenesis regulation, barrier and adhesion functions. In particular, the participation of nitric oxide metabolites, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, metabolic products of arachidonic acid, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibine-1 and adhesion molecules in the onset and development of ED are reviewed. The diagnostic significances of factors damaging endothelium, such as C-reactive protein, homocysteine and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, are discussed. In addition, the literature data of recent years about the prospects of clinical implication the detection of the above-mentioned factors which indicates structural and functional endothelial cells damage are given. Particular attention is paid to the ED markers detection prognostic significance and the possibility of their practical use for the ED diagnosis. The search of literature for the current review was conducted in RSIC, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine and PubMed databases from 2012 to 2018 using the following keywords: endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibin-1, adhesive molecules, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The clinical material obtained surgically in patients with kidney stone disease (KSD) was tested for content of the stone microflora using PCR and standard microbiological methods. It was demonstrated that about 50% of stones in patients with KSD were infected with various infection agents as observed using standard microbiological and molecular genetic methods. The percentage of detection of the Mycoplasma hominis using cultural method is lower than the percentage detected using PCR, which is due to difficult isolation and cultivation, as well as DNA fragments of mycoplasma observed after antibiotic therapy. Studies based on modern microscopy methods showed that microorganisms on the surface of the kidney stone formed multispecies biofilms.

Described in the paper are characteristics of B. cepacia clinical strains isolated from patients at Moscow hospitals. The strains were investigated for the presence of proteolytic, chitinolytic, hemolytic and lipase activities as well as for presence of components of the "Quorum sensing" gene activity regulatory system by using biological test-systems and in the polymerase chain reaction with primers to genes cepI and cepR.

The paper presents the specific features of diagnosis and clinical course of genital tuberculosis under the present conditions. It shows it expedient to make a differential diagnosis of genital tuberculosis in 2 steps: 1) the use of the routine examination and 2) the study of specific antituberculous immunity. Genital tuberculosis risk groups to be obligatorily examined at a specialized tuberculosis control facility are identified. The specific features of the clinical course of genital tuberculosis, such as aptness to exudative processes, a combination with extragenital tuberculosis and hormonally depended gynecological diseases are noted. Indications for and efficiency of endosurgical interventions in genital tuberculosis are shown.

The role of plasmids in regulation of delta-endotoxin synthesis by Bacillus thuringiensis H14 was studied. The derivatives of strain Is-1 H14 containing a 4Md plasmid integrated into the chromosome synthesize small crystals and are not toxic for the gnat larvae. The transceptional transfer into this strain of a plasmid coding for crystal synthesis from the strain 69-6 serotype H5 results in restoration of insecticidal activity to the level of the parental strain Is-1. Transcipients activity is increased 10-15 fold in case of 4Md plasmid excision from the chromosome and autonomous functioning. Evidently, 4Md plasmid from the strain Is-1 as well as a plasmid coding for crystal synthesis from the strain 69-6 contains the regulatory elements participating in the expression of crystalline protein genes localized on other plasmids. The existence of two cellular regulatory groups is supposed to result in the significant increase in crystalline protein synthesis.