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Sirenomelia is a rare congenital anomaly with an incidence of 0.8 to 1 case per 1,00,000 births. The prognosis is grim due to associated genitourinary and gastrointestinal anomalies. Antenatal registration in the first trimester and timely ultrasound go a long way in detection of the anamoly when termination can be still be offered and the mental agony of giving birth to a term neonate with a fatal congenital anomaly can be avoided.

Background: Fibroadenoma commonly present as painless breast lump in young girls. Nearly 10-15% regress spontaneously over the period of 6-60 months, rest are managed surgically. Centchroman (Saheli), a novel non-steroidal, selective anti-estrogen has been used for the treatment of mastalgia and its effectiveness in the treatment of fibroadenoma is being tested in the ongoing trials. Methods: A total of 60 patients between 15-35 years of age with painless lump breast of size 2 to 5 centimeters confirmed as fibroadenoma by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were included in the study. Detailed patient's characteristics, clinical history, physical examination (for size in 2 dimensions), ultrasound findings (for size in 3 dimensions) were assessed. All participants included in the study were given tablet Centchroman (Saheli) 30 mg thrice weekly orally for 3 months. Size of Fibroadenoma was reassessed clinically for size in two dimensions and ultrasonologically for size in three dimensions at 4 weeks and 3 months of starting of therapy.Results: Out of 60 patients, 18 patients (30%) had complete response, 40 patients (66.66%) showed a decrease in the size of fibroadenoma and only 2 patients (3.33%) had no response to this therapy. None showed an increase in size.Conclusions: It may prove to be the most effective modality for the treatment of small sized fibroadenoma breast especially in unmarried girls with minimal side effects. Ultrasonology may be relied upon for follow up measurements since it is more accurate in measuring the dimensions.

Background: Elective gallbladder surgery is the most common abdominal surgical procedure. Antibiotic prophylaxis is a common conduct in open cholecystectomy, but there is ambiguity about the use of prophylactic antibiotics in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Some surgeons suggest that the elimination of prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy increase the incidence of postoperative infective complications but not to a statistically significant degree. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of prophylactic antibiotics in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods: A total of 100 patients were included and they were randomized in 2 groups of 50 each. Group A was given prophylactic intravenously (IV) antibiotic within 1 hour before surgery and group B was not given any antibiotics. Results were compared and data analyzed statistically using chi-square and t test. Complications in both the groups were compared.Results: Rate of surgical site infections were 6% (n=3) and 4% (n=2) in group A and B respectively; and the difference between them was not found statistically significant. All infections which occurred in present study were superficial surgical site infection. There was no evidence of deep-seated infections and none of the patients developed distant infection. There was no derangement in any of the biochemical parameter in this study.Conclusions: We were not able to demonstrate any significant benefit from addition of prophylactic antibiotics in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.