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Background: In developing and resource-limited countries alternative screening methods like VIA, VILI, and Pap smear are used in detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix. The aim of our study was to compare the efficacies of VIA, VILI, and Pap smear in detection of premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix.Methods: The study was conducted for a period of one year in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh. Women who attended the outdoor patient department of obstetrics and gynecology were subjected to collection of Pap Smear, VIA followed by VILI and a thorough pelvic examination.Results: Among the 350 women studied, 59 women (16.9%) had abnormal VIA, 64 women (18.2%) had abnormal VILI. On pap smear, 10 women were reported as ASCUS, 11 as L-SIL and 1 as H-SIL. Cervical biopsy was done in 98 women, out of which 70 had one or more abnormality on VIA, VILI, or Pap, and 28 women who had normal results. Sixteen women (16.3%) reported as CIN-1 and 2 women (2.07%) as CIN-3. VIA and VILI had a higher sensitivity as compared to pap. However, pap was more specific. The PPV of pap was also much higher as compared to VIA and VILI, whereas there was no difference in NPV of the three.Conclusions: Authors observed that VIA presented the best sensitivity (88.8%), followed by VILI (83.3%), and Pap (72.2%). Pap smear had the highest specificity of 97.2%. The positive predictive value of Pap was higher as compared to VIA and VILI, whereas there was no difference in NPV of the three. VIA and VILI have good sensitivity, with reasonable specificity and because of their cost effectiveness and ease of availability, these can be an alternative screening modality for cervical cancer screening.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding(AUB) is a common clinical presentation in gynecology. Alteration in thyroid hormones level has been associated with menstrual disturbances. This study is aimed to know the prevalence of thyroid disorders amongst AUB patients and also the different patterns of menstrual abnormalities associated with thyroid disorders.Methods: 100 Patient of clinically diagnosed AUB were taken from gynecology OPD. All the patients from 19 to 45 age groups presenting with menstrual disturbances were tested for thyroid function by measuring ST3, ST4, and S.TSH.Results: Out of 100 women of AUB, majority were in the age group of 31-40 years (38%), 54% were multiparous and 44% presented with menorrhagia. 65% were euthyroid, 17% had subclinical hypothyroidism, 15% had overt hypothyroidism and 3% were diagnosed as hyperthyroid. Subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were detected mostly in the age group of 31-40 years. The commonest bleeding abnormalities in hypothyroid patient were menorrhagia and polymenorrhoea. While most of the hyperthyroid cases were oligomenorrhoic.Conclusions: The study concludes that biochemical evaluation of thyroid function is an easy, reliable method and should be made mandatory in all cases of AUB.

Background: This study was carried out to find the colposcopic findings in the symptomatic patients with cervical erosion and correlate the findings with cytology and histopathology.Methods: All the patients coming to gynaecological OPD with symptoms of white discharge, pruritus vulvae, menstrual irregularities were examined by per speculum examination and all those who had cervical erosion were included in the study and pap smear and colposcopy both were done in all subjects. The colposcopic guided biopsy was done in women with abnormal findings on colposcopy (50 women) and reports were compared. Abnormal colposcopic findings were graded according to Reid’s colposcopic index (RCI).Results: Majority of patients came with the complaint of white discharge per vaginum (55%).Out of 120 patients, 85 women (70.9%) had inflammatory pap smear and 35 women (29.1%)had abnormal pap smear. All patients underwent colposcopic examination and out of 120 patients, 67(55.8%) showed normal colposcopic findings and 50 women (41.6%) had abnormal colposcopic finding and biopsy was taken. 3 women had unsatisfactory colposcopy. Histopathology confirmed 24 (48%) women with CIN I and 12 (24%) CIN II and 6 (12%) CIN III and 2 (4%) women with carcinoma cervix. The colposcopy findings and histopathology correlated in 88%.Conclusions: Colposcopy should be prescribed to all symptomatic patients with cervical erosion as it is a good diagnostic tool for pre-malignant conditions of cervix and correlates well with histopathological findings.

Background: The objective of the study was to review the impact of thyroid status on the fertility and to study the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in infertility.Methods: A total of 150 subjects were divided into 3 groups: 50 primary infertility, 50 secondary infertility and 50 controls. The incidence of hyperprolactinaemia and thyroid disorders was studied in all the three groups.Results: The incidence of hyperprolactinaemia was 41% in all infertile subjects (60% with primary and 22% in secondary infertility) and 6% in controls. The incidence of hypothyroidism was 17% in infertility (18% in primary and 16% in secondary infertility) and 8% in controls.Conclusions: In this study there is a positive correlation between increased prolactin levels and hypothyroidism and such patients’ exhibit ovulatory failure. All patients with infertility should undergo prolactin levels and thyroid profile.