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This study prepared silicon oxide anode materials with nitrogen-doped carbon matrices (SiOx/C–N) through silicon-containing polyester thermal carbonization. Melamine was introduced as a nitrogen source during the experiment. This nitrogen doping process resulted in a porous structure in the carbon matrices, a fact confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pyridinic and quaternary nitrogen, but mainly tertiary nitrogen, were generated, as shown via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical tests confirmed that, as anode materials for a lithium-ion battery, SiOx/C–N provided better cycle stability, improved rate capability, and lower Li+ diffusion resistance. The best performance showed an activated capacity at 493.5 mAh/g, preserved at 432.8 mAh/g after the 100th cycle, with 87.7% total Columbic efficiency. Those without nitrogen doping gave 1126.7 mAh/g, 249.0 mAh/g, and 22.1%, respectively. The most noteworthy point was that, after 100 cycles, anodes without nitrogen doping were pulverized into fine powders (SEM); meanwhile, in the case of anodes with nitrogen doping, powders of a larger size (0.5–1.0 µm) formed, with the accumulation of surrounding cavities. We suggest that the formation of more prominent powders may have resulted from the more substantial nitrogen-doped carbon matrices, which prevented the anode from further breaking down to a smaller size. The volume expansion stress decreased when the powders decreased to nanosize, which is why the nanosized silicon anode materials showed better cycling stability. When the anodes were cracked into powders with a determined diameter, the stress from volume expansion decreased to a level at which the powders could preserve their shape, and the breakage of the powders was stopped. Hence, the diameters of the final reserved powders are contingent on the strength of the matrix. As reported, nitrogen-doped carbon matrices are more robust than those not doped with nitrogen. Thus, in our research, anodes with nitrogen-doped carbon matrices presented more large-diameter powders, as SEM confirmed. Anodes with nitrogen doping will not be further broken at a larger diameter. At this point, the SEI film will not show continuous breakage and formation compared to the anode without doping. This was validated by the lower deposition content of the SEI-film-related elements (phosphorous and fluorine) in the cycled anodes with nitrogen doping. The anode without nitrogen doping presented higher content, meaning that the SEI films were broken many times during lithiation/delithiation (EDS mapping).

Silicon-containing polyester from tetramethoxysilane, ethylene glycol, and o-Phthalic anhydride were used as encapsulating materials for silicon nano powders (SiNP) via electrospinning, with Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as spinning additives. In the correct quantities, SiNP could be well encapsulated in nano fibers (200–400 nm) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The encapsulating materials were then carbonized to a Si-O-C material at 755 °C (Si@C-SiNF-5 and Si@C-SiNF-10, with different SiNP content). Fiber structure and SiNP crystalline structure were reserved even after high-temperature treatment, as SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified. When used as lithium ion battery (LIB) anode materials, the cycling stability of SiNPs increased after encapsulation. The capacity of SiNPs decreased to ~10 mAh/g within 30 cycles, while those from Si@C-SiNF-5 and Si@C-SiNF-10 remained over 500 mAh/g at the 30th cycle. We also found that adequate SiNP content is necessary for good encapsulation and better cycling stability. In the anode from Si@C-SiNF-10 in which SiNPs were not well encapsulated, fibers were broken and pulverized as SEM confirmed; thus, its cycling stability is poorer than that from Si@C-SiNF-5.

Senescence is modulated by ORESARA1 (ORE1), a NAC transcription factor that interacts with hormones to fully induce senescence. The At-ore1 gene acts as a suppressor of leaf senescence; however, its exact role in this respect has not been clearly defined. In this study, the function of At-ore1 during leaf senescence was analyzed in soybeans. The precocious leaf senescence of the ore1-1 line was associated with greater chlorophyll loss, leaf necrosis, and redox imbalance in the early vegetative stage during the hyper-accumulation of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) by enhancing the expression of GmNECD3-related ABA synthesis. At-ore1 induced ABA regulation of the H2O2-GmARF2-GmNAC081 signaling circuit, which relays the At-ore1-induced cell death signal mediation to the caspase-1-like vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) expression, triggering programmed cell death. In contrast, it was found that At-ore1 functions in IAA to delay leaf-senescence-mediated suppression of the expression of ABA, ROS, and senescence-associated gene 39 (GmSAG39). The IAA-induced GmNAC065 expression controls soybean leaves’ longevity, as discovered by screening At-ore1 expression in ore1-6 for a more stay-green leaf phenotype by helping to increase seed yields. These results uncover a mechanism that modulates ore1 plants’ amplitude expression involved in the ABA/IAA balance in the activation of GmNAC081- or GmNAC065-dependent H2O2 levels, which are crucial in the senescence or delayed leaf senescence of soybeans.

Even though cervical cancer is partly preventable, it still poses a great public health problem throughout the world. Current therapies have vastly improved the clinical outcomes of cervical cancer patients, but progress in new systemic treatment modalities has been slow in the last years. Especially for patients with advanced disease this is discouraging, as their prognosis remains very poor. The pathogen-induced nature, the considerable mutational load, the involvement of genes regulating the immune response, and the high grade of immune infiltration, suggest that immunotherapy might be a promising strategy to treat cervical cancer. In this literature review, we focus on the use of PD-1 blocking therapy in cervical cancer, pembrolizumab in particular, as it is the only approved immunotherapy for this disease. We discuss why it has great clinical potential, how it opens doors for personalized treatment in cervical cancer, and which trials are aiming to expand its clinical use.

Recently, more and more hybrid robots have been designed to meet the increasing demand for a wide spectrum of applications. However, development of a general and systematic method for kinematic design and dynamic analysis for hybrid robots is rare. Most publications deal with the kinematic and dynamic issues for individual hybrid robots rather than any generalization. Hence, in this paper, we present a novel method for kinematic and dynamic modelling for a class of hybrid robots. First, a generic scheme for the kinematic design of a general hybrid robot mechanism is proposed. In this manner, the kinematic equation and the constraint equations for the robot class are derived in a generalized case. Second, in order to simplify the dynamic modelling and analysis of the complex hybrid robots, a Lemma about the analytical relationship among the generalized velocities of a hybrid robot system is proven in a generalized case as well. Last, examples of the kinematic and dynamic modelling of a newly designed hybrid robot are presented to demonstrate and validate the proposed method.

A self-bearing motor (SBM) is an electric motor with a magnetically integrated bearing function, that is, it can provide levitation and rotation simultaneously as a single actuator. This paper presents the design, operating principle and control system for the slotless self-bearing motor (SSBM). In this design, the stator has no iron core but includes six-phase coils. The rotor consists of a permanent magnet and an enclosed iron yoke. Magnetic forces generated by the interaction between stator currents and the magnetic field of the permanent magnet are used to control the rotational speed and radial position of the rotor. In this paper, the torque and radial bearing forces are analyzed theoretically with the aim to develop an improved control system. In order to confirm the proposed control method, an experimental system was constructed and tested. Simulation and measurement results show that the SSBM can work stably in modes such as start, reverse, rotation load and external radial pulse forces.

RANK ligand (RANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor alpha superfamily of cytokines. It is the only known ligand binding to a membrane receptor named receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), thereby triggering recruitment of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins and activation of downstream pathways. RANK/RANKL signaling is controlled by a decoy receptor called osteoprotegerin (OPG), but also has additional more complex levels of regulation. The existing literature on RANK/RANKL signaling in cervical cancer was reviewed, particularly focusing on the effects on the microenvironment. RANKL and RANK are frequently co-expressed in cervical cancer cells lines and in carcinoma of the uterine cervix. RANKL and OPG expression strongly increases during cervical cancer progression. RANKL is directly secreted by cervical cancer cells, which may be a mechanism they use to create an immune suppressive environment. RANKL induces expression of multiple activating cytokines by dendritic cells. High RANK mRNA levels and high immunohistochemical OPG expression are significantly correlated with high clinical stage, tumor grade, presence of lymph node metastases, and poor overall survival. Inhibition of RANKL signaling has a direct effect on tumor cell proliferation and behavior, but also alters the microenvironment. Abundant circumstantial evidence suggests that RANKL inhibition may (partially) reverse an immunosuppressive status. The use of denosumab, a monoclonal antibody directed to RANKL, as an immunomodulatory strategy is an attractive concept which should be further explored in combination with immune therapy in patients with cervical cancer.