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The construction industry has become one of the main drivers of the increase in carbon emissions and subsequent climate change. In this study, we focused on building carbon neutrality design and used CiteSpace V.6.2.R2 to conduct bibliometric analysis of published papers (2008–2023). After the initial screening, 280 pieces of relevant literature were obtained, including reviews, research papers, and case studies. Following further screening and excluding duplicate literature articles, 50 pieces of literature were ultimately selected as references for this paper, covering various aspects of key scientific issues, implementation approaches, and emerging research frontiers in carbon-neutral design for buildings. The research results show that significant progress has been made in energy conservation, materials, structures, systems, and operations in the research on carbon-neutral design for buildings. However, there are still issues, such as unclear implementation paths for carbon-neutral design, incomplete lifecycle assessment of carbon-neutral design, and high cost of carbon neutrality technologies in current research. Therefore, further research on the overall concept of carbon-neutral design, the progress and implementation of carbon neutrality technologies, and the integration of carbon-neutral design with sustainable development concepts are necessary. To sum up, this paper presents a thorough overview of the advancements in carbon-neutral design for buildings, examines the existing research challenges, and suggests potential avenues for future research. This paper’s findings can provide guidance for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to promote the development and application of carbon-neutral design for buildings and to achieve sustainable development goals.