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This paper combines two types of energy storage components, the battery and supercapacitor (SC), to form a fully active hybrid energy storage system (HESS) as a power source for electric vehicles (EVs). At the same time, a hierarchical coordinated energy management strategy based on model predictive control (HCEMS-MPC) is presented. Firstly, the mathematical model of the fully active HESS is obtained based on Kirchhoff’s law and state-space modeling technology. Secondly, considering the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, a fuzzy-control-based upper-level energy management strategy (EMS) is proposed to optimize power allocation and to generate a reference current for a lower-level current controller. Then, a lower-level current predictive controller is designed to achieve accurate current tracking. Finally, a lower-level voltage sliding mode controller is designed to stabilize the bus voltage. Compared with previous works, the HCEMS-MPC strategy only needs to adjust the weight matrix and the reaching term to avoid the problem of excessive controller parameters. The simulation results, under different driving conditions, show that the HCEMS-MPC strategy has a better performance with respect to its fast response, error reduction, and robust stability. In addition, the SOC of the battery decreases more slowly, and the final SOC value significantly increases, thereby extending the single-discharge cycle time of the battery and improving the service life of the battery.

To more effectively solve the complex optimization problems that exist in nonlinear, high-dimensional, large-sample and complex systems, many intelligent optimization methods have been proposed. Among these algorithms, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm has attracted scholars’ attention. However, the traditional PSO can easily become an individual optimal solution, leading to the transition of the optimization process from global exploration to local development. To solve this problem, in this paper, we propose a Hybrid Reinforcement Learning Particle Swarm Algorithm (HRLPSO) based on the theory of reinforcement learning in psychology. First, we used the reinforcement learning strategy to optimize the initial population in the population initialization stage; then, chaotic adaptive weights and adaptive learning factors were used to balance the global exploration and local development process, and the individual optimal solution and the global optimal solution were obtained using dimension learning. Finally, the improved reinforcement learning strategy and mutation strategy were applied to the traditional PSO to improve the quality of the individual optimal solution and the global optimal solution. The HRLPSO algorithm was tested by optimizing the solution of 12 benchmarks as well as the CEC2013 test suite, and the results show it can balance the individual learning ability and social learning ability, verifying its effectiveness.

Hepatitis B is the most prevalent viral hepatitis worldwide, affecting approximately one-third of the world’s population. Among HBV factors, the surface protein is the most sensitive biomarker for viral infection, given that it is expressed at high levels in all viral infection phases. The large HBV surface protein (LHBs) contains the integral pre-S1 domain, which binds to the HBV receptor sodium taurocholate co transporting polypeptide on the hepatocyte to facilitate viral entry. The accumulation of viral LHBs and its prevalent pre-S mutants in chronic HBV carriers triggers a sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) overload response, leading to ER stress-mediated cell proliferation, metabolic switching and genomic instability, which are associated with pro-oncogenic effects. Ground glass hepatocytes identified in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients harbor pre-S deletion variants that largely accumulate in the ER lumen due to mutation-induced protein misfolding and are associated with increased risks of cancer recurrence and metastasis. Moreover, in contrast to the major HBs, which is decreased in tumors to a greater extent than it is in peritumorous regions, LHBs is continuously expressed during tumorigenesis, indicating that LHBs serves as a promising biomarker for HCC in people with CHB. Continuing efforts to delineate the molecular mechanisms by which LHBs regulates pathological changes in CHB patients are important for establishing a correlation between LHBs biomarkers and HCC development.