Search

Background: An increasing number of people around the world suffer from Crohn’s disease (CD), one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Recent evidence suggests that the endogenous cannabinoid system plays an important role in IBD. The main endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are ligands of the CB1 and CB2 receptors that are expressed on immune cells. These receptors as well as endocannabinoids are believed to mediate inflammatory activity and participate in the pathophysiology of CD. Objective: Very little is known about the secretion of endogenous cannabinoids throughout the course of CD. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine and analyze the 2-AG and AEA concentrations in children who suffered from CD. Methods: We studied 34 adolescents with CD, mean age 13.5 years ± 2.0. Blood samples were collected three times in the active phase of the disease (during admission to hospital, before treatment), 2–4 weeks later, during the treatment and clinical improvement of the patients, and 3–6 months later, in the period of remission. The control group included 33 healthy teenagers of the same age who were examined once. In all patients, fasting blood samples were collected in the morning. 2AG and AEA concentrations in serum were measured using EIA kits (Abclonal, Woburn, MA, USA and ELK Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Wuhan, China, respectively). Results: The median 2-AG concentration in the study group was stable: acute phase 907.4 [379.3; 1300.5] pg/mL, during treatment 715.1 [416.7; 1302.5] pg/mL; remission 991.1 [381.1; 1652.5] pg/mL, and similar to the values observed in the control group 761.8 [504.3; 1497.0] pg/mL. No significant differences were found between the results obtained at all time points in the study group and compared to the control group (in all cases p > 0.44). In the case of AEA, in the study group before treatment, the median concentration was 2.63 [2.24; 2.79] ng/mL and similar to values obtained during treatment 2.56 [2.33; 3.06] ng/mL, and in remission, with 2.61 [2.46; 2.85] ng/mL. All these concentrations were lower compared to the values measured in the control group of 3.18 [2.57; 3.88] ng/mL (p = 0.023, p = 0.035, p = 0.056, respectively). Conclusions: While 2-AG levels remained stable throughout the disease course and were comparable to controls, AEA concentrations were consistently lower in CD patients. Therefore, therapeutic interventions aimed at increasing AEA-related signaling, such as administration of its analogues or fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors, may improve symptoms associated with Crohn’s disease in children.

Austenitic stainless steels are very popular due to their high strength properties, ductility, excellent corrosion resistance and work hardening. This paper presents the test results for joining AISI 316Ti austenitic steel. The technologies used for joining were the most popular welding techniques such as TIG (welding with a non-consumable electrode in the shield of inert gases), MIG (welding with a consumable electrode in the shield of inert gases) as well as high-energy EBW welding (Electron Beam Welding) and plasma PAW (plasma welding). Microstructural examinations in the face, center and root areas of the weld revealed different contents of delta ferrite with skeletal or lathy ferrite morphology. Additionally, the presence of columnar grains at the fusion line and equiaxed grains in the center of the welds was found. Microstructural, X-ray and ferroscope tests showed the presence of different delta ferrite contents depending on the technology used. The highest content of delta ferrite was found in the TIG and PAW connectors, approximately 5%, and the lowest in the EBW connector, approximately 2%. Based on the tests carried out on the mechanical properties, it was found that the highest properties were achieved by the MIG joint (Rm, 616, Rp0.2 = 335 MPa), while the lowest were achieved by the PAW joint (Rm = 576, Rp0.2 = 315 MPa).

Civilization and technical progress are not possible without energy. Dynamic economic growth translates into a systematic increase in demand for electricity. Ensuring the continuity and reliability of electricity supplies is one of the most important aspects of energy security in highly developed countries. Growing energy consumption results not only in the need to build new power plants but also in the need to expand and increase transmission capacity. Therefore, large quantities of electric cables are produced all over the world, and after some time, they largely become waste. Recycling of electric cables focuses on the recovery of metals, mainly copper and aluminum, while polymer insulation is often considered waste and ends up in landfills. Currently, more and more stringent regulations are being introduced, mainly environmental ones, which require maximizing the reduction in waste. This article provides a literature review on cable recycling, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of various recycling methods, including mechanical and material recycling. It has been found that currently, there are very large possibilities for recycling cables, and intensive scientific work is being carried out on their development, which is consistent with global climate policy.

The paper presents the comparison of two methods of recycling aluminum from HDD platters—the melting method and the method of plastic consolidation. The main elements of HDD memory, i.e., data carriers (platters), were examined via the percentage share of the total HDD mass and also via EDS analysis. The most common are platters made of the aluminum alloy series 5XXX, which are covered with a thin magnetic layer made of nickel. The research involved removing data carriers from about 30 HDDs and fragmenting them. The next step was to divide the platters into three groups; one was melted, the second was subjected to plastic consolidation, and the third group was fragmented into chips and also subjected to the consolidation process. Then, in the process of co-extrusion, rods were extruded from each material, and were subjected to EDS analysis, microstructure testing, Vickers hardness, and uniaxial tensile tests, and then the obtained results were compared. The obtained results of the microstructural tests in the case of gravity cast material confirmed the presence of the Al3Ni globular phase in the matrix. In the case of pressed and extruded materials, the Al3Ni phase appeared at the Ni-AlMg contact. After plastic consolidation, all the tested rods were characterized by their comparable strength properties (a tensile strength of 250 MPa and yield strength of 105 MPa).

This article presents a numerical and experimental investigation into the impact of can wall thickness and the internal varnish layer thickness on the results of an axial load force test. This study also shows the levels of thermal stresses that emerge after the drying of varnish coating, and how they affect the results of the axial load force test. This research involves the development of suitable numerical models and the experimental acquisition of stress–deformation relationships for the both can material, aluminum, and the varnish. The numerical simulation of the axial load force test has been verified through experimental tests, with a resulting difference of 8.9% between the two sets of results. The findings highlight that changes in the can wall thickness have a more pronounced effect on test outcomes compared to variations in the varnish thickness. Specifically, an increase in the can wall thickness from 90 µm to 100 µm results in a substantial 116 N increase in the force required for a can to collapse. Nevertheless, the presence of a 5 µm varnish layer also contributes measurably, increasing the can’s collapse force by 21 N. These results offer valuable practical insights for manufacturers, enabling them to effectively optimize can strength characteristics.

The paper presents the results of tests of rapid solidification (RS) aluminum alloys with the addition of silicon (5%, 11%, and 20%). Casting by melt-spinning on the surface of an intensively cooled copper cylinder allowed to obtain a metallic material in the form of flakes, which were then consolidated in the process of pressing and direct extrusion. The effect of refinement on structural components after rapid solidification was determined. Rapidly solidified AlSi materials are characterized by a comparable size of Si particles, regardless of the silicon content, and the shape of these particles is close to spheroidal. Not only Si particles are fragmented, but also the Al-Si-Fe phase, which also changed its shape from irregular with sharp edges to regular and spherical. The melt-spinning process resulted in a fine-grained structure compared to materials obtained by gravity-casting and extrusion. The influence of the high-temperature compression test on the mechanical properties of rapidly solidified materials was analyzed, and the results were compared with those of gravity-cast materials. An increase in strength properties was found in the case of the AlSi5 RS alloy by 20%, in the case of AlSi11RS by 25%, and in the case of the alloy containing 20% Si by as much as 86% (tensile test). On the basis of the homogeneity of the particle distribution determined by the SEM method, it was found that rapid solidification is an effective method of increasing the strength properties and improving the plastic properties of Al-Si alloys.

The paper presents the results of the joining tests of the EN AW-6082 T6 alloy. The materials were joined using the EBW high-energy (electron beam welding) and friction stir welding (FSW) methods. In the case of FSW welding, the following parameters were used: the linear speed was 355 mm/min, and the rotational speed of the welding tool was 710. In the case of EBW welding, the following parameters were used: accelerating voltage U = 120 kV, beam intensity I = 18.7 mA, welding speed v = 1600 mm/min and, in the case of a smoothing weld, U = 80 kV, beam intensity I = 17 mA, and welding speed v = 700 mm/min. Comprehensive microstructural tests of all welded joints (MO, SEM and TEM) and mechanical property tests (tensile and hardness tests) were carried out. The topographies of the fractures after the tensile test were also examined. Based on the results, it was found that the strength properties of the EBW joint were reduced by 23% and the FSW joint by 38% compared to the base material. A decrease in elongation was also noted, with an FSW elongation of 7.2% and an elongation of 2.7% for EBW. In the case of the EBW joint, magnesium evaporation was found in the weld during welding, while in the FSW joint, the dissolution of the Mg2Si particles responsible for strengthening the material during heat treatment to the T6 state was observed.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in children, comprising 75–85% of cases. Aggressive treatment of leukemias includes chemotherapy and antibiotics that often disrupt the host microbiota. Additionally, the gut microbiota may play a role in the development and progression of acute leukemia. Prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics are considered beneficial to health. The role of prebiotics in the treatment and development of leukemia is not well understood, but inulin can be potentially used in the treatment of leukemia. Some probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus shows anticancer activity in in vitro studies. Additionally, Bifidobacterium spp., as a consequence of the inhibition of growth factor signaling and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, decrease the proliferation of cancer cells. Many bacterial metabolites have promising anticancer potential. The available research results are promising. However, more research is needed in humans, especially in the child population, to fully understand the relationship between the gut microbiota and acute leukemia.

Caring for patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) is a serious challenge in modern medicine. The increasing incidence of CD among adolescents and the severe course of the disease create the need for new methods of diagnosis and therapy. Endogenous opioids are a group of low molecular weight chemical compounds with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins may have potentially beneficial effects on the course of CD. Previous research data on this topic are inconsistent. Some authors have reported an increase in the concentration of leukocytes during the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) while others have described a downward trend, explained by DPP-IV enzyme activity. Even fewer data are available on plasma endo-opioid level. There is also a lack of comprehensive studies that have assessed the endo-opioid system in patients with IBD. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure the serum concentrations of human β-endorphin, human proenkephalin (A), and human big dynorphin in CD patients in the acute phase of the disease, during hospital treatment, and in the remission state. All determinations were performed using ELISA kits. The results of our study showed that the concentrations of all the tested endo-opioids, especially β-endorphin and proenkephalin (A), were reduced in adolescents with CD compared to those in the healthy control group, during the acute phase of the disease, and in the remission state. Modulation of the endogenous opioid system and the use of selective nonnarcotic agonists of opioid receptors seems to be promising goals in the future treatment of CD.

The aim of this work is to experimentally determine and evaluate the value of the correction factor for ultrasonic flow meters in order to improve their accuracy. This article concerns flow velocity measurement with the use of an ultrasonic flow meter in the area of disturbed flow behind the distorting element. Clamp-on ultrasonic flow meters are popular among measurement technologies due to their high accuracy and easy, non-invasive installation, because the sensors are mounted directly on the outer surface of the pipe. In industrial applications, installation space is usually limited and, therefore, flow meters frequently have to be mounted directly behind flow disturbances. In such cases, it is necessary to determine the value of the correction factor. The disturbing element was a knife gate valve, a valve often used in flow installations. Water flow velocity tests were performed using an ultrasonic flow meter with clamp-on sensors on the pipeline. The research was performed in 2 series of measurements with different Reynolds numbers of 35,000 and 70,000, which correspond to a velocity of approximately 0.9 m/s and 1.8 m/s. The tests were carried out at different distances from the source of interference, within the range of 3–15 DN (pipe nominal diameter). The position of the sensors at successive measurement points on the circuit of the pipeline was changed by 30 degrees. Flow velocity measurements were carried out for two different levels of the valve’s closure: 1/3 and 1/2 of the valve’s height. For the collected velocity values at single measurement points, the values of the correction coefficient, K, were determined. The results of the tests and calculations prove that compensation error of measurement performed behind the disturbance without keeping the required straight sections of the pipeline is possible by using the factor K*. The analysis of the results made it possible to identify the optimal measuring point at a distance from the knife gate valve as being smaller than specified in the standards and recommendations.

In this article, the possibility of obtaining a solid plate from waste cable sheaths, by mechanical recycling, i.e., grinding, plasticising and pressing, is discussed—waste cable sheaths being pure PVC with a slight admixture of silicone. Press moulding was carried out under the following conditions: temperature 135 °C, heating duration 1 h and applied pressure 10 MPa. The yield point of the obtained solid plate obtained was 15.0 + −0.6 MPa, flexural strength 0.94 MPa, yield point 0.47 MPa and Charpy’s impact strength 5.1 kJ/m2. The resulting solid plate does not differ significantly from the input material, in terms of mechanical strength, so, from the point of view of strength, that is, from a technical point of view, such promising processing of waste cables can be carried out successfully in industrial practice.

The magnetic properties of lead selenide (PbSe) and indium-doped lead telluride (PbTe:In) composites have been studied by using the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. The samples were obtained by using the pulsed laser deposition method (PLD). Temperature dependences of the EPR spectra were obtained. The analysis of the temperature dependencies of the integral intensity of the EPR spectra was performed using the Curie–Weiss law. In these materials, the paramagnetic centers of Pb1+ and Pb3+ ions were identified. The results are discussed.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is very common and affects approximately 1/3 of the world’s human population. There are strong research data that some probiotics, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium longum improve iron absorption and influence the course of anemia. Furthermore, prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), increase iron bioavailability and decrease its destructive effect on the intestinal microbiota. In addition, multiple postbiotics, which are probiotic metabolites, including vitamins, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and tryptophan, are involved in the regulation of intestinal absorption and may influence iron status in humans. This review presents the actual data from research studies on the influence of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics on the prevention and therapy of IDA and the latest findings regarding their mechanisms of action. A comparison of the latest research data and theories regarding the role of pre-, post-, and probiotics and the mechanism of their action in anemias is also presented and discussed.

Recovery of zinc and manganese from scrapped alkaline batteries were carried out in the following way: leaching in H2SO4 and selective precipitation of zinc and manganese by alkalization/neutralization. As a result of non-selective leaching, 95.6–99.7% Zn was leached and 83.7–99.3% Mn was leached. A critical technological parameter is the liquid/solid treatment (l/s) ratio, which should be at least 20 mL∙g−1. Selective leaching, which allows the leaching of zinc only, takes place with a leaching yield of 84.8–98.5% Zn, with minimal manganese co-leaching, 0.7–12.3%. The optimal H2SO4 concentration is 0.25 mol∙L−1. Precipitation of zinc and manganese from the solution after non-selective leaching, with the use of NaOH at pH = 13, and then with H2SO4 to pH = 9, turned out to be ineffective: the manganese concentrate contained 19.9 wt.% Zn and zinc concentrate, and 21.46 wt.% Mn. Better selectivity results were obtained if zinc was precipitated from the solution after selective leaching: at pH = 6.5, 90% of Zn precipitated, and only 2% manganese. Moreover, the obtained concentrate contained over 90% of ZnO. The precipitation of zinc with sodium phosphate and sodium carbonate is non-selective, despite its relatively high efficiency: up to 93.70% of Zn and 4.48–93.18% of Mn and up to 95.22% of Zn and 19.55–99.71% Mn, respectively for Na3PO4 and Na2CO3. Recovered zinc and manganese compounds could have commercial values with suitable refining processes.

This article presents the results of research on the recycling of non-ferrous metals from PCB scrap using melting in metallic lead. The idea of this process is to dissolve (transfer) metals from PCB scrap in lead, and then liquation them by cooling the lead-metals alloy. PCB scrap was crushed and then melted into liquid lead. The lead after process was then poured into the casting mold and its chemical composition was examined. Among the various metals in the PCB scrap, copper and tin in particular are dissolved in lead. The more scrap dissolved in lead, the higher the concentration of copper and tin in the alloy. The highest obtained concentration of copper in lead were about 2.2 wt.%, and for tin about 0.8 wt.%.

The increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and the increasing severity of the course of these diseases create the need for developing new methods of therapy. The gut microbiome is extensively studied as a factor influencing the development and course of IBD. The composition of intestinal microbiota can be relatively easily modified by diet (i.e., prebiotics, mainly dietary fibers) and bacterial supplementation using beneficial bacteria strains called probiotics. Additionally, the effects of the improved microbiome could be enhanced or gained by using paraprobiotics (non-viable, inactivated bacteria or their components) and/or postbiotics (products of bacterial metabolism or equal synthetic products that beneficially modulate immunological response and inflammation). This study summarizes the recent works on prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics (products merging pre- and probiotics), paraprobiotics and postbiotics in IBD.

This paper discusses the development of a flow stress model to simulate the AA3104-H19 alloy under the conditions of large plastic deformations characteristic of the beverage can manufacturing process. This study focuses on the first five steps of this process: cupping, redrawing, ironing #1, ironing #2, ironing #3. These are the stages that reduce the thickness of the base material to the maximum, resulting in an effective strain of more than 2.0, unattainable in conventional plastometric tests. To solve this problem, the specific calculation-experimental method for the development of the flow stress model was proposed. Based on the FEM modeling of the technological process, data on the history of deformation and the trajectory of movement of the selected points of the material at all stages of the production were obtained. Microspecimens for the tensile tests were taken from the points of the beverage can wall that were determined in this way. The initial strain of each sample was taken from the FEM simulation. In this way, the tensile curves were obtained for the material points at different stages of the production. The processing of these curves allowed the creation of a flow stress model for large strains, corresponding to production conditions. The tensile tests were performed on a Zwick Z250 machine at room temperature and strain rate of 0.005 s−1. The FEM-based algorithm for the determination of empirical coefficients of the analytical flow stress model is presented. The final flow stress model covers the range of effective strain from 0–2. Validation of the developed model based on the measured beverage can thicknesses showed that a flow stress model was developed that correctly and accurately describes the forming process.

The occurrence of childhood obesity is influenced by both genetic and epigenetic factors. FTO (FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase) is a gene of well-established connection with adiposity, while a protooncogene PLAG1 (PLAG1 zinc finger) has been only recently linked to this condition. We performed a cross-sectional study on a cohort of 16 obese (aged 6.6–17.7) and 10 healthy (aged 11.4–16.9) children. The aim was to evaluate the relationship between methylation and expression of the aforementioned genes and the presence of obesity as well as alterations in anthropometric measurements (including waist circumference (WC), body fat (BF_kg) and body fat percent (BF_%)), metabolic parameters (lipid profile, blood glucose and insulin levels, presence of insulin resistance) and blood pressure. Expression and methylation were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using a microarray technique and a method based on restriction enzymes, respectively. Multiple regression models were constructed to adjust for the possible influence of age and sex on the investigated associations. We showed significantly increased expression of the FTO gene in obese children and in patients with documented insulin resistance. Higher FTO expression was also associated with an increase in WC, BF_kg, and BF_% as well as higher fasting concentration of free fatty acids (FFA). FTO methylation correlated positively with WC and BF_kg. Increase in PLAG1 expression was associated with higher BF%. Our results indicate that the FTO gene is likely to play an important role in the development of childhood adiposity together with coexisting impairment of glucose-lipid metabolism.

Maintaining an optimal vitamin D concentration reduces the risk of recurrence and extends survival time in patients after breast cancer treatment. Data on vitamin D deficiency among Polish women after breast cancer therapy are limited. Thus, the aim of the study was the analysis of vitamin D status in post-mastectomy patients, considering such factors as seasons, social habits, vitamin D supplementation and its measurements. The study involved 94 women after breast cancer treatment. Serum vitamin D concentration was measured, and a questionnaire, gathering demographic and clinical data regarding cancer, diet, exposure to sun radiation, and knowledge of recommendations on vitamin D supplementation, was delivered twice, in both winter and in summer. The control group consisted of 94 age-matched women with no oncological history. In women after breast cancer treatment, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency was much more frequent than in the general population. Only about half of the patients supplemented vitamin D at the beginning of the study. After the first test and the issuing of recommendations on vitamin D supplementation, the percentage of vitamin D supplemented patients increased by about 30% in study groups. The average dose of supplement also increased. None of the women that were not supplementing vitamin D and were tested again in winter had optimal 25(OH)D concentration. It was concluded that vitamin deficiency is common in women treated for breast cancer. Medical advising about vitamin D supplementation and monitoring of 25(OH)D concentration should be improved.

The subject matter of the article concerns velocities/flow rate measurements in the area of disturbed flows-behind the 90° bend. They were conducted by means of an ultrasonic flowmeter with clamp-on sensors on pipeline, for water and two different Reynolds numbers of 70,000 and 100,000, corresponding to two velocities of approximately 1.42 m/s and 2.04 m/s. The tests were carried out at 12 distances from the disturbance. Sensors on the circumference of the pipeline were mounted 30° each. The correction factor values were calculated for the given measurement geometry. The measurements have shown that the values of this coefficient are always greater than 1, which means that the ultrasonic flow meter understates the speed values. They also showed that already at a distance of 8 nominal diameters from the disturbance, the correction factor does not exceed 1.02, so the measurement errors are within the maximum permissible error (MPE) of a typical ultrasonic flow meter. For distances less than eight nominal diameters from the disturbance, not taking the correction factor value into the account can lead to systematic errors of up to 10.8%. Studies have also proved that in each measurement plane behind the disturbance there are two mounting angles for the ultrasonic sensors, 60° and 240° respectively, for which the correction factor values are minimal. Additionally, using the laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) method, velocity solids were determined at individual distances from the disturbance, and the projections of velocity blocks on the appropriate plane represented velocity profiles and indicated the distances from the disturbance at which these profiles stabilise.

Gastric lipase is one of the prepancreatic lipases found in some mammalian species and in humans. Our knowledge of the hormonal regulation of gastric lipase secretion in children and adolescents is still very limited. The aim of this study was to compare the activity of human gastric lipase (HGL) in gastric juice in healthy adolescents and in patients with gastritis. The adolescents were allocated to three groups: the first including patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis (HPG; n = 10), the second including patients with superficial gastritis caused by pathogens other than H. pylori (non-HPG; n = 14) and the control group including healthy adolescents (n = 14). Activity of HGL was measured in gastric juice collected during endoscopy. Plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) were measured in all adolescents. Activity of HGL in the non-HPG group was significantly lower than in the HPG group (p < 0.005) and the control group (p < 0.005). Mean plasma GIP levels in the control group were lower than in the non-HPG group (p < 0.003) and the HPG group (p < 0.01). We conclude that the regulation of HGL secretion by GLP-1 and CCK is altered in patients with gastritis. Moreover, GIP is a potent controller of HGL activity, both in healthy subjects and in patients with gastritis.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in children, comprising 75-85% of cases. Aggressive treatment of leukemias includes chemotherapy and antibiotics that often disrupt the host microbiota. Additionally, the gut microbiota may play a role in the development and progression of acute leukemia. Prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics are considered beneficial to health. The role of prebiotics in the treatment and development of leukemia is not well understood, but inulin can be potentially used in the treatment of leukemia. Some probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus shows anticancer activity in in vitro studies. Additionally, Bifidobacterium spp., as a consequence of the inhibition of growth factor signaling and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, decrease the proliferation of cancer cells. Many bacterial metabolites have promising anticancer potential. The available research results are promising. However, more research is needed in humans, especially in the child population, to fully understand the relationship between the gut microbiota and acute leukemia.

Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) treatment is an established management in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), with growth promotion and improvement in body composition and possibly the metabolic state. We compared anthropometric characteristics, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels, metabolic parameters and the bone age/chronological age index (BA/CA) in 147 children with PWS, divided according to age of rhGH start into four groups, corresponding to nutritional phases in PWS. We analysed four time points: baseline, rhGH1 (1.21 ± 0.81 years), rhGH2 (3.77 ± 2.17 years) and rhGH3 (6.50 ± 2.92 years). There were no major differences regarding height SDS between the groups, with a higher growth velocity (GV) ( p = 0.00) and lower body mass index (BMI) SDS ( p < 0.05) between the first and older groups during almost the whole follow-up. IGF1 SDS values were lower in group 1 vs. other groups at rhGH1 and vs. groups 2 and 3 at rhGH2 ( p < 0.05). Glucose metabolism parameters were favourable in groups 1 and 2, and the lipid profile was comparable in all groups. BA/CA was similar between the older groups. rhGH therapy was most effective in the youngest patients, before the nutritional phase of increased appetite. We did not observe worsening of metabolic parameters or BA/CA advancement in older patients during a comparable time of rhGH therapy.